{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413931710","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3765521","title":"Highliner: Enhancing Binary Analysis through NLP-Based Instruction-Level Detection of C++ Inline Functions","display_name":"Highliner: Enhancing Binary Analysis through NLP-Based Instruction-Level Detection of C++ Inline Functions","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413931710","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3765521"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3765521","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3765521","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3765521","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210174050","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Privacy and Security","issn_l":"2471-2566","issn":["2471-2566","2471-2574"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Privacy and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3765521","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119518970","display_name":"Lorenzo Dall'Aglio","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lorenzo Dall'Aglio","raw_affiliation_strings":["Politecnico di Milano"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Politecnico di Milano","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079950118","display_name":"Lorenzo Binosi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7476-0166"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lorenzo Binosi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Politecnico di Milano"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Politecnico di Milano","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048211949","display_name":"Michele Carminati","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8284-6074"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michele Carminati","raw_affiliation_strings":["DIPARTIMENTO DI ELETTRONICA, INFORMAZIONE E BIOINGENGERIA, POLITECNICO DI MILANO"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DIPARTIMENTO DI ELETTRONICA, INFORMAZIONE E BIOINGENGERIA, POLITECNICO DI MILANO","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046604572","display_name":"Stefano Zanero","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4710-5283"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefano Zanero","raw_affiliation_strings":["DIPARTIMENTO DI ELETTRONICA, INFORMAZIONE E BIOINGENGERIA, POLITECNICO DI MILANO"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DIPARTIMENTO DI ELETTRONICA, INFORMAZIONE E BIOINGENGERIA, POLITECNICO DI MILANO","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054840981","display_name":"Mario Polino","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0925-2306"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mario Polino","raw_affiliation_strings":["DIPARTIMENTO DI ELETTRONICA, INFORMAZIONE E BIOINGENGERIA, POLITECNICO DI MILANO"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DIPARTIMENTO DI ELETTRONICA, INFORMAZIONE E BIOINGENGERIA, POLITECNICO DI MILANO","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5119518970"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.23106599,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.6186456680297852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6019335985183716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5905333757400513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.5591139793395996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-classification","display_name":"Binary classification","score":0.4480229616165161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11459937691688538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.10010549426078796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.09021767973899841}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6186456680297852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6019335985183716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5905333757400513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.5591139793395996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66905080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17005494","display_name":"Binary classification","level":3,"score":0.4480229616165161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11459937691688538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.10010549426078796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.09021767973899841}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3765521","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3765521","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3765521","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210174050","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Privacy and Security","issn_l":"2471-2566","issn":["2471-2566","2471-2574"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Privacy and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:re.public.polimi.it:11311/1295976","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3765521","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400312","display_name":"Virtual Community of Pathological Anatomy (University of Castilla La Mancha)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79189158","host_organization_name":"University of Castilla-La Mancha","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79189158"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3765521","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3765521","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3765521","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210174050","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Privacy and Security","issn_l":"2471-2566","issn":["2471-2566","2471-2574"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Privacy and Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1145458839","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PRIN 2022","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1811607205","display_name":"Fully digital in-beam PET for hadron therapy","funder_award_id":"300838","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3650733657","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NextGenerationEU","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G507880695","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PE00000014","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5538284277","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"National Recovery","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6123890115","display_name":"E3Car -> Nanoelectronics for an energy efficient electrical car","funder_award_id":"120001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8893660128","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PE0000001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4413931710.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4413931710.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1818794533","https://openalex.org/W2514974017","https://openalex.org/W2516372287","https://openalex.org/W2547625248","https://openalex.org/W2611949786","https://openalex.org/W2888698761","https://openalex.org/W2926178846","https://openalex.org/W3133719257","https://openalex.org/W3153398259","https://openalex.org/W3155032774","https://openalex.org/W3194094757","https://openalex.org/W4294733240","https://openalex.org/W4311166089","https://openalex.org/W4378974544","https://openalex.org/W4390700110","https://openalex.org/W4390833355"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W3204019825"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"complexities":[1],"introduced":[2],"by":[3,26,89,106,206],"compiler":[4],"optimization":[5],"have":[6],"long":[7],"stood":[8],"as":[9,72,109,120,134,216],"a":[10,82,112,135,144,156,187,217],"significant":[11],"obstacle":[12],"in":[13,21,191],"binary":[14,212,218],"analysis":[15],"and":[16,61,125,142,150,164,185,203,245],"reverse":[17],"engineering.":[18],"Function":[19],"inlining,":[20],"particular,":[22],"complicates":[23],"function":[24,28,60,234],"recognition":[25],"replacing":[27],"calls":[29],"with":[30,161],"the":[31,35,127,132,166,197],"entire":[32],"body":[33],"of":[34,99,140,158,175,224,240],"callee,":[36],"mixing":[37],"code":[38],"from":[39],"multiple":[40],"functions.":[41],"State-of-the-art":[42],"approaches":[43,88,108],"can":[44],"identify":[45],"inlined":[46,64,114,124],"functions":[47],"at":[48,93],"basic":[49,103],"block":[50],"granularity,":[51],"but":[52],"cannot":[53,74],"determine":[54],"which":[55,192],"instructions":[56,193],"belong":[57],"to":[58,111,171,182,210],"each":[59,118],"precisely":[62],"deduce":[63],"boundaries.":[65,129,249],"Without":[66],"this":[67,180],"information,":[68],"further":[69],"analyses":[70],"such":[71],"decompilation":[73],"be":[75],"performed":[76],"effectively.":[77],"This":[78],"paper":[79],"presents":[80],"Highliner,":[81],"novel":[83],"approach":[84],"that":[85],"improves":[86],"state-of-the-art":[87,107],"identifying":[90],"inline":[91,176],"instances":[92],"instruction-level":[94],"granularity.":[95],"Highliner":[96,220,236],"operates":[97],"downstream":[98],"block-level":[100],"detectors:":[101],"given":[102],"blocks":[104],"reported":[105],"belonging":[110],"specific":[113],"function,":[115],"it":[116],"labels":[117],"instruction":[119,148],"Inlined":[121],"or":[122],"Not":[123],"recovers":[126],"inlined-function":[128],"We":[130,154,178],"treat":[131],"problem":[133],"sequence":[136,188],"tagging":[137],"task":[138],"typical":[139],"NLP":[141],"implement":[143],"learning-based":[145],"technique":[146],"involving":[147],"embedding":[149],"recurrent":[151],"neural":[152],"networks.":[153],"compile":[155],"dataset":[157,181],"open-source":[159],"projects":[160],"different":[162],"optimizations":[163],"use":[165,179],"DWARF":[167],"debug":[168],"information":[169],"standard":[170],"construct":[172],"labeled":[173],"sequences":[174],"instructions.":[177],"train,":[183],"validate,":[184],"test":[186],"labeling":[189],"architecture":[190],"are":[194],"encoded":[195],"via":[196],"pre-trained":[198],"assembly":[199],"language":[200],"transformer":[201],"PalmTree":[202],"then":[204],"processed":[205],"an":[207,222,238],"RNN-based":[208],"classifier":[209],"produce":[211],"predictions.":[213],"When":[214],"evaluated":[215],"classifier,":[219],"achieves":[221,237],"F1-score":[223],"0.94":[225],"overall.":[226],"In":[227],"addition,":[228],"when":[229],"specifically":[230],"tested":[231],"on":[232,242,247],"recognizing":[233],"boundaries,":[235],"Accuracy":[239],"0.82":[241],"initial":[243],"boundaries":[244],"0.83":[246],"final":[248]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-18T07:56:08.524223","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}