{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4417125850","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3757377.3763933","title":"SOF: Sorted Opacity Fields for Fast Unbounded Surface Reconstruction","display_name":"SOF: Sorted Opacity Fields for Fast Unbounded Surface Reconstruction","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4417125850","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3757377.3763933"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3757377.3763933","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3757377.3763933","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the SIGGRAPH Asia 2025 Conference Papers","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3757377.3763933","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055170745","display_name":"Lukas Radl","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4075-5877"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4092182","display_name":"Graz University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00d7xrm67","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lukas Radl","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119788736","display_name":"Felix Windisch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8174-9907"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4092182","display_name":"Graz University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00d7xrm67","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Felix Windisch","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119788737","display_name":"Thomas Deixelberger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2509-5191"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Deixelberger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Huawei Technologies, Graz, Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huawei Technologies, Graz, Austria","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037327590","display_name":"Jozef Hladk\u00fd","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6231-0202"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jozef Hladky","raw_affiliation_strings":["Huawei Technologies, Zurich, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Huawei Technologies, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054238652","display_name":"Michael Steiner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7430-6922"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4092182","display_name":"Graz University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00d7xrm67","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Steiner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048047909","display_name":"Dieter Schmalstieg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2813-2235"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4092182","display_name":"Graz University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00d7xrm67","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dieter Schmalstieg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria and University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria and University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014594342","display_name":"Markus Steinberger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5977-8536"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4092182","display_name":"Graz University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00d7xrm67","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Markus Steinberger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria and Huawei Technologies, Graz, Austria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria and Huawei Technologies, Graz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5055170745"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.58580478,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"11"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10481","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Visualization Techniques","score":0.746399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1704","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10481","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Visualization Techniques","score":0.746399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1704","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10719","display_name":"3D Shape Modeling and Analysis","score":0.19519999623298645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.019700000062584877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/opacity","display_name":"Opacity","score":0.7181000113487244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rendering","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","score":0.6467999815940857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian","display_name":"Gaussian","score":0.5164999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traverse","display_name":"Traverse","score":0.43380001187324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fidelity","display_name":"Fidelity","score":0.3725000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface-reconstruction","display_name":"Surface reconstruction","score":0.35100001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marching-cubes","display_name":"Marching cubes","score":0.35019999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian-process","display_name":"Gaussian process","score":0.3456999957561493}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60056205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q691914","display_name":"Opacity","level":2,"score":0.7181000113487244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205711294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176953","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","level":2,"score":0.6467999815940857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6001999974250793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5514000058174133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177","display_name":"Gaussian","level":2,"score":0.5164999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4749999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176809094","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15401496","display_name":"Traverse","level":2,"score":0.43380001187324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3978999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776459999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2119376","display_name":"Fidelity","level":2,"score":0.3725000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20885615","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q825595","display_name":"Surface reconstruction","level":3,"score":0.35100001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42087268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1886184","display_name":"Marching cubes","level":3,"score":0.35019999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61326573","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1496376","display_name":"Gaussian process","level":3,"score":0.3456999957561493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3391999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151201525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177239","display_name":"Limit (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.33889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113364801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26674","display_name":"High fidelity","level":2,"score":0.33739998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109950114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4464732","display_name":"3D reconstruction","level":2,"score":0.33469998836517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141379421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6094427","display_name":"Iterative reconstruction","level":2,"score":0.31130000948905945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.30140000581741333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776799497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484298","display_name":"Surface (topology)","level":2,"score":0.2858000099658966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.2838999927043915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.2718000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.27059999108314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147764199","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6865248","display_name":"Minification","level":2,"score":0.25519999861717224}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3757377.3763933","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3757377.3763933","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the SIGGRAPH Asia 2025 Conference Papers","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3757377.3763933","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3757377.3763933","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the SIGGRAPH Asia 2025 Conference Papers","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1423512534","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"10.55776/I6663","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321181","funder_display_name":"Austrian Science Fund"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4690393873","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"528364066","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/018mejw64"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321181","display_name":"Austrian Science Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/013tf3c58"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2009422376","https://openalex.org/W2085905957","https://openalex.org/W2229412420","https://openalex.org/W2738551266","https://openalex.org/W2962785568","https://openalex.org/W3090531178","https://openalex.org/W3109585842","https://openalex.org/W3202037070","https://openalex.org/W3203570626","https://openalex.org/W3215769467","https://openalex.org/W4221151978","https://openalex.org/W4232452729","https://openalex.org/W4286611176","https://openalex.org/W4312234520","https://openalex.org/W4312325284","https://openalex.org/W4376647952","https://openalex.org/W4385318467","https://openalex.org/W4385527621","https://openalex.org/W4386066812","https://openalex.org/W4390872696","https://openalex.org/W4390873473","https://openalex.org/W4391506026","https://openalex.org/W4393248012","https://openalex.org/W4394974290","https://openalex.org/W4400581059","https://openalex.org/W4400822430","https://openalex.org/W4402704609","https://openalex.org/W4402715988","https://openalex.org/W4402716018","https://openalex.org/W4402754019","https://openalex.org/W4402781653","https://openalex.org/W4404132771","https://openalex.org/W4404524486","https://openalex.org/W4404524696","https://openalex.org/W4404526032","https://openalex.org/W4404526364","https://openalex.org/W4404965819","https://openalex.org/W4406677837","https://openalex.org/W4409334625","https://openalex.org/W4410617762","https://openalex.org/W4412587870","https://openalex.org/W4413144452","https://openalex.org/W4413146300","https://openalex.org/W4413146336","https://openalex.org/W4415800390"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"advances":[1],"in":[2,30,183],"3D":[3,78],"Gaussian":[4,100],"representations":[5],"have":[6],"significantly":[7],"improved":[8],"the":[9,55,58,106,119],"quality":[10],"and":[11,23,45,53,83,95,122],"efficiency":[12],"of":[13,57,99,152,175],"image-based":[14],"scene":[15],"reconstruction.":[16],"Their":[17],"explicit":[18],"nature":[19],"facilitates":[20],"real-time":[21],"rendering":[22,187],"fast":[24],"optimization,":[25],"yet":[26],"extracting":[27],"accurate":[28],"surfaces\u2014particularly":[29],"large-scale,":[31],"unbounded":[32],"environments\u2014remains":[33],"a":[34,70,96,114,134,173,180],"difficult":[35],"task.":[36],"Many":[37],"existing":[38],"methods":[39],"rely":[40],"on":[41,118],"approximate":[42],"depth":[43],"estimates":[44],"global":[46],"sorting":[47],"heuristics,":[48],"which":[49,102],"can":[50],"introduce":[51,123],"artifacts":[52],"limit":[54],"fidelity":[56],"reconstructed":[59],"mesh.":[60],"In":[61,130],"this":[62],"paper,":[63],"we":[64,112,132],"present":[65],"Sorted":[66],"Opacity":[67],"Fields":[68],"(SOF),":[69],"method":[71],"designed":[72],"to":[73,140,149],"recover":[74],"detailed":[75],"surfaces":[76],"from":[77],"Gaussians":[79],"with":[80,105],"both":[81],"speed":[82],"precision.":[84],"Our":[85],"approach":[86],"improves":[87],"upon":[88],"prior":[89],"work":[90],"by":[91,147,156,170],"introducing":[92],"hierarchical":[93],"resorting":[94],"robust":[97],"formulation":[98],"depth,":[101],"better":[103],"aligns":[104],"level-set.":[107],"To":[108],"enhance":[109],"mesh":[110],"quality,":[111],"incorporate":[113],"level-set":[115],"regularizer":[116],"operating":[117],"opacity":[120,142],"field":[121],"losses":[124],"that":[125],"encourage":[126],"geometrically-consistent":[127],"primitive":[128],"shapes.":[129],"addition,":[131],"develop":[133],"parallelized":[135],"Marching":[136],"Tetrahedra":[137],"algorithm":[138],"tailored":[139],"our":[141,157],"formulation,":[143],"reducing":[144],"meshing":[145],"time":[146,169],"up":[148],"an":[150],"order":[151],"magnitude.":[153],"As":[154],"demonstrated":[155],"quantitative":[158],"evaluation,":[159],"SOF":[160],"achieves":[161],"higher":[162],"reconstruction":[163],"accuracy":[164],"while":[165],"cutting":[166],"total":[167],"processing":[168],"more":[171],"than":[172],"factor":[174],"three.":[176],"These":[177],"results":[178],"mark":[179],"step":[181],"forward":[182],"turning":[184],"efficient":[185,190],"Gaussian-based":[186],"into":[188],"equally":[189],"geometry":[191],"extraction.":[192]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-12-08T00:00:00"}