{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386630857","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3605468.3605498","title":"Impact of Hint Content on Performance and Learning: A Study with Primary School Children in a Scratch Course","display_name":"Impact of Hint Content on Performance and Learning: A Study with Primary School Children in a Scratch Course","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-09-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386630857","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3605468.3605498"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3605468.3605498","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3605468.3605498","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 18th WiPSCE Conference on Primary and Secondary Computing Education Research","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037082485","display_name":"Luisa Greifenstein","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9707-7762"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186354981","display_name":"University of Passau","ror":"https://ror.org/05ydjnb78","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186354981"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Luisa Greifenstein","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Passau, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9707-7762","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Passau, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186354981"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092851519","display_name":"Markus Brune","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1652-4649"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186354981","display_name":"University of Passau","ror":"https://ror.org/05ydjnb78","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186354981"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Markus Brune","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Passau, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1652-4649","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Passau, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186354981"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103028508","display_name":"Tobias Fuchs","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4083-3527"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186354981","display_name":"University of Passau","ror":"https://ror.org/05ydjnb78","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186354981"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tobias Fuchs","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Passau, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4083-3527","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Passau, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186354981"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072090894","display_name":"Ute Heuer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1400-4509"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186354981","display_name":"University of Passau","ror":"https://ror.org/05ydjnb78","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186354981"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ute Heuer","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Passau, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1400-4509","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Passau, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186354981"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079261847","display_name":"Gordon Fraser","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4364-6595"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186354981","display_name":"University of Passau","ror":"https://ror.org/05ydjnb78","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186354981"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gordon Fraser","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Passau, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4364-6595","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Passau, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186354981"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5037082485"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186354981"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6221,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8806855,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"10"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10731","display_name":"Educational Games and Gamification","score":0.9805999994277954,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.9480000138282776,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scratch","display_name":"Scratch","score":0.8273038864135742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7116559743881226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.6269217133522034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/curriculum","display_name":"Curriculum","score":0.6191425323486328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/debugging","display_name":"Debugging","score":0.6033408641815186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coding","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","score":0.5653786659240723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.4948548674583435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics-education","display_name":"Mathematics education","score":0.44313111901283264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-thinking","display_name":"Computational thinking","score":0.4157167971134186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.32472455501556396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.2502419352531433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.21149778366088867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pedagogy","display_name":"Pedagogy","score":0.16629359126091003}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781235140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q275131","display_name":"Scratch","level":2,"score":0.8273038864135742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7116559743881226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.6269217133522034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47177190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207137","display_name":"Curriculum","level":2,"score":0.6191425323486328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168065819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845566","display_name":"Debugging","level":2,"score":0.6033408641815186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179518139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140297","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","level":2,"score":0.5653786659240723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.4948548674583435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.44313111901283264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780368719","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5157342","display_name":"Computational thinking","level":2,"score":0.4157167971134186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.32472455501556396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2502419352531433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.21149778366088867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.16629359126091003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3605468.3605498","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3605468.3605498","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 18th WiPSCE Conference on Primary and Secondary Computing Education Research","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8700000047683716,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1963557108","https://openalex.org/W1990060255","https://openalex.org/W2140734713","https://openalex.org/W2293632864","https://openalex.org/W2333569404","https://openalex.org/W2559363606","https://openalex.org/W2560284831","https://openalex.org/W2604398661","https://openalex.org/W2660393804","https://openalex.org/W2753422637","https://openalex.org/W2894540915","https://openalex.org/W2901729219","https://openalex.org/W2913197085","https://openalex.org/W2917238495","https://openalex.org/W2948485546","https://openalex.org/W2963562081","https://openalex.org/W2966150097","https://openalex.org/W2967058750","https://openalex.org/W2982167689","https://openalex.org/W2982182755","https://openalex.org/W3002947507","https://openalex.org/W3003182663","https://openalex.org/W3009592181","https://openalex.org/W3032979151","https://openalex.org/W3033018956","https://openalex.org/W3095025081","https://openalex.org/W3125153157","https://openalex.org/W3194913456","https://openalex.org/W4205140928","https://openalex.org/W4206230099","https://openalex.org/W4292867162","https://openalex.org/W4382652723"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2475116013","https://openalex.org/W2770018148","https://openalex.org/W4390677639","https://openalex.org/W2887068268","https://openalex.org/W4323526560","https://openalex.org/W2754972376","https://openalex.org/W2900985841","https://openalex.org/W4311308381","https://openalex.org/W3143076406","https://openalex.org/W4296671461"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,187],"implementation":[1],"of":[2,45,103,106,144,167,189,232],"computational":[3],"thinking":[4],"concepts":[5],"in":[6,43,118,129,180],"primary":[7,15],"school":[8,16],"curricula":[9],"usually":[10],"includes":[11],"programming":[12,30,120,127],"activities.":[13,31],"As":[14],"teachers":[17],"often":[18],"lack":[19],"subject":[20],"knowledge,":[21,169],"they":[22,182],"may":[23],"struggle":[24],"to":[25,51,61,70,77,82,125,136,160,209,218,241],"help":[26],"students":[27,81],"during":[28,175,204],"these":[29,74,225],"Additional":[32],"support":[33,243],"can":[34,236],"be":[35,71],"provided":[36],"by":[37],"automated":[38],"program":[39],"analysis,":[40],"for":[41],"example":[42],"terms":[44],"hints":[46,58,75,107,151],"on":[47,59,156,164,200],"conceptual":[48],"knowledge":[49],"related":[50,213],"bad":[52,212],"coding":[53],"patterns":[54,215],"observed,":[55],"or":[56],"procedural":[57,150,198],"how":[60,240],"solve":[62],"the":[63,96,101,132,153,165,172,176,190,205,229,233],"task":[64,86],"at":[65],"hand.":[66],"However,":[67],"care":[68],"has":[69],"taken":[72],"since":[73],"need":[76],"balance":[78],"(1)":[79],"helping":[80],"perform":[83],"a":[84,92,111,197,201],"specific":[85,97,202],"successfully,":[87],"while":[88],"nevertheless":[89],"(2)":[90],"ensuring":[91],"learning":[93,246],"effect":[94],"beyond":[95],"task.":[98],"To":[99],"understand":[100],"effects":[102],"different":[104,142],"types":[105,143],"we":[108,147,170,235],"therefore":[109],"conducted":[110],"study":[112],"with":[113,228],"36":[114],"children":[115,133],"aged":[116],"7\u201312":[117],"10":[119],"courses.":[121],"After":[122],"being":[123],"introduced":[124],"basic":[126],"structures":[128],"three":[130],"units,":[131],"were":[134],"tasked":[135],"debug":[137],"six":[138],"Scratch":[139],"programs":[140],"using":[141,247],"hints,":[145],"where":[146],"observed":[148,171],"that":[149,194],"have":[152],"strongest":[154],"impact":[155,163],"performance.":[157],"In":[158],"order":[159],"examine":[161],"an":[162],"transfer":[166],"learned":[168],"children\u2019s":[173],"difficulties":[174],"successive":[177],"fifth":[178,191],"unit,":[179],"which":[181],"created":[183],"their":[184],"own":[185],"projects.":[186],"results":[188,226],"unit":[192,207],"show":[193],"having":[195],"received":[196],"hint":[199],"pattern":[203],"fourth":[206],"leads":[208],"slightly":[210,219],"fewer":[211,220],"code":[214,222],"but":[216],"also":[217],"good":[221],"patterns.":[223],"Considering":[224],"together":[227],"subjective":[230],"perceptions":[231],"children,":[234],"derive":[237],"insights":[238],"into":[239],"best":[242],"performance":[244],"and":[245],"(automated)":[248],"feedback.":[249]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
