{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4376632980","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3593013.3594099","title":"The Progression of Disparities within the Criminal Justice System: Differential Enforcement and Risk Assessment Instruments","display_name":"The Progression of Disparities within the Criminal Justice System: Differential Enforcement and Risk Assessment Instruments","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-06-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4376632980","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3593013.3594099"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3593013.3594099","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3593013.3594099","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3593013.3594099","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3593013.3594099","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080823518","display_name":"Miri Zilka","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9640-8139"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Miri Zilka","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Cambridge, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9640-8139","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Cambridge, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008759018","display_name":"Riccardo Fogliato","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8636-9639"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Riccardo Fogliato","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8636-9639","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081096634","display_name":"Jiri Hron","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3456-7588"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiri Hron","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Cambridge, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3456-7588","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Cambridge, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010062469","display_name":"Bradley Butcher","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4711-7826"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162608824","display_name":"University of Sussex","ror":"https://ror.org/00ayhx656","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162608824"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bradley Butcher","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Sussex, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4711-7826","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Sussex, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162608824"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068875481","display_name":"Carolyn Ashurst","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4214-4554"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128584","display_name":"The Alan Turing Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/035dkdb55","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128584"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carolyn Ashurst","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Alan Turing Institute, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4214-4554","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Alan Turing Institute, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128584"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042278493","display_name":"Adrian Weller","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1915-7158"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128584","display_name":"The Alan Turing Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/035dkdb55","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128584"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adrian Weller","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Cambridge, United Kingdom and The Alan Turing Institute, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1915-7158","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Cambridge, United Kingdom and The Alan Turing Institute, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128584","https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5080823518"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.1952,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96039073,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1553","last_page":"1569"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10574","display_name":"Crime Patterns and Interventions","score":0.9918000102043152,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10574","display_name":"Crime Patterns and Interventions","score":0.9918000102043152,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10318","display_name":"Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14493","display_name":"Criminal Law and Evidence","score":0.9821000099182129,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/criminal-justice","display_name":"Criminal justice","score":0.6894028186798096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/differential","display_name":"Differential (mechanical device)","score":0.5695377588272095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law-enforcement","display_name":"Law enforcement","score":0.4844219982624054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enforcement","display_name":"Enforcement","score":0.4821317195892334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/criminology","display_name":"Criminology","score":0.4767742455005646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.44000887870788574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.38189491629600525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3646560311317444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.35905176401138306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.255342960357666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.16210860013961792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1427057683467865}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102587632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117488","display_name":"Criminal justice","level":2,"score":0.6894028186798096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93226319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193137","display_name":"Differential (mechanical device)","level":2,"score":0.5695377588272095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780262971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44554","display_name":"Law enforcement","level":2,"score":0.4844219982624054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779777834","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4202277","display_name":"Enforcement","level":2,"score":0.4821317195892334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.4767742455005646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.44000887870788574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.38189491629600525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3646560311317444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.35905176401138306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.255342960357666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.16210860013961792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1427057683467865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3593013.3594099","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3593013.3594099","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3593013.3594099","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2305.07575","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2305.07575","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2305.07575","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3593013.3594099","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3593013.3594099","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3593013.3594099","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.7799999713897705,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1577515033","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/V025279/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7939313476","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ECF-2021-429","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319993","funder_display_name":"Leverhulme Trust"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8233204778","display_name":"Turing AI Fellowship: Trustworthy Machine Learning","funder_award_id":"EP/V025279/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8401716706","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/V025279/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313467","funder_display_name":"Alan Turing Institute"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310207","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313467","display_name":"Alan Turing Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/035dkdb55"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319993","display_name":"Leverhulme Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/012mzw131"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4376632980.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4376632980.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W12028179","https://openalex.org/W1819662813","https://openalex.org/W1962961125","https://openalex.org/W1994407253","https://openalex.org/W2003572022","https://openalex.org/W2050397807","https://openalex.org/W2121860836","https://openalex.org/W2122237936","https://openalex.org/W2141305567","https://openalex.org/W2150412137","https://openalex.org/W2232870322","https://openalex.org/W2551317447","https://openalex.org/W2752128648","https://openalex.org/W2778670458","https://openalex.org/W2794541067","https://openalex.org/W2890416412","https://openalex.org/W2900414525","https://openalex.org/W2901856814","https://openalex.org/W2902633481","https://openalex.org/W2913700606","https://openalex.org/W2954916332","https://openalex.org/W3036561926","https://openalex.org/W3046364610","https://openalex.org/W3086764744","https://openalex.org/W3122848332","https://openalex.org/W3122864926","https://openalex.org/W3123193753","https://openalex.org/W3123756976","https://openalex.org/W3124873325","https://openalex.org/W3125306662","https://openalex.org/W3128485057","https://openalex.org/W3167920093","https://openalex.org/W3187543315","https://openalex.org/W3191386636","https://openalex.org/W3211013993","https://openalex.org/W4221104163","https://openalex.org/W4226418932","https://openalex.org/W4281799859","https://openalex.org/W4303476450","https://openalex.org/W4403865180","https://openalex.org/W6638208828","https://openalex.org/W6789059113"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4226225858","https://openalex.org/W3093286484","https://openalex.org/W2783180618","https://openalex.org/W2043527794","https://openalex.org/W2089396529","https://openalex.org/W1632022533","https://openalex.org/W2093410162","https://openalex.org/W4396217017","https://openalex.org/W2033004322","https://openalex.org/W2075087602"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Algorithmic":[0],"risk":[1,109],"assessment":[2],"instruments":[3],"(RAIs)":[4],"increasingly":[5],"inform":[6],"decision-making":[7],"in":[8],"criminal":[9,164],"justice.":[10],"RAIs":[11,49,103],"largely":[12],"rely":[13],"on":[14,134],"arrest":[15,46,84,121],"records":[16,85],"as":[17],"a":[18,57,119],"proxy":[19],"for":[20,59],"underlying":[21,160],"crime.":[22],"Problematically,":[23],"the":[24,35,41,66,124,135,143,147,159,163,182],"extent":[25],"to":[26,81,86,111,115,127,180],"which":[27],"arrests":[28],"reflect":[29],"overall":[30],"offending":[31],"can":[32],"vary":[33],"with":[34,72,118],"person\u2019s":[36],"characteristics.":[37],"We":[38,139],"examine":[39],"how":[40,152],"disconnect":[42],"between":[43],"crime":[44,92,137],"and":[45,50,184],"rates":[47],"impacts":[48],"their":[51],"evaluation.":[52],"Our":[53],"main":[54],"contribution":[55],"is":[56],"method":[58],"quantifying":[60],"this":[61,95],"bias":[62],"via":[63],"estimation":[64],"of":[65,68,149,162,174,186],"amount":[67],"unobserved":[69,76],"offenses":[70,77],"associated":[71],"particular":[73],"demographics.":[74],"These":[75],"are":[78,167],"then":[79],"used":[80],"augment":[82],"real-world":[83],"create":[87],"part":[88,90],"real,":[89],"synthetic":[91],"records.":[93],"Using":[94],"data,":[96],"we":[97,132,177],"estimate":[98],"that":[99],"four":[100],"currently":[101],"deployed":[102],"assign":[104],"0.5\u20132.8":[105],"percentage":[106,129],"points":[107,130],"higher":[108],"scores":[110],"Black":[112],"individuals":[113,117],"than":[114],"White":[116],"similar":[120],"record,":[122],"but":[123],"gap":[125],"grows":[126],"4.5\u201311.0":[128],"when":[131],"match":[133],"semi-synthetic":[136],"record.":[138],"conclude":[140],"by":[141],"discussing":[142],"potential":[144],"risks":[145],"around":[146],"use":[148],"RAIs,":[150],"highlighting":[151],"they":[153],"may":[154],"exacerbate":[155],"existing":[156],"inequalities":[157],"if":[158],"disparities":[161],"justice":[165],"system":[166],"not":[168],"taken":[169],"into":[170],"account.":[171],"In":[172],"light":[173],"our":[175],"findings,":[176],"provide":[178],"recommendations":[179],"improve":[181],"development":[183],"evaluation":[185],"such":[187],"tools.":[188]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
