{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4327590906","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3588334","title":"On the Complexity of String Matching for Graphs","display_name":"On the Complexity of String Matching for Graphs","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-03-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4327590906","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3588334"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3588334","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3588334","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3588334","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S137348503","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Algorithms","issn_l":"1549-6325","issn":["1549-6325","1549-6333"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3588334","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053359236","display_name":"Massimo Equi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8609-0040"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133731052","display_name":"University of Helsinki","ror":"https://ror.org/040af2s02","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133731052"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Massimo Equi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133731052"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043558409","display_name":"Veli M\u00e4kinen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4454-1493"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133731052","display_name":"University of Helsinki","ror":"https://ror.org/040af2s02","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133731052"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Veli M\u00e4kinen","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133731052"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063897224","display_name":"Alexandru I. Tomescu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5747-8350"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133731052","display_name":"University of Helsinki","ror":"https://ror.org/040af2s02","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133731052"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexandru I. Tomescu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133731052"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006984021","display_name":"Roberto Grossi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7985-4222"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","display_name":"University of Pisa","ror":"https://ror.org/03ad39j10","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roberto Grossi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit\u00e0 di, Pisa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e0 di, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5053359236"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133731052"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.6752,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91684641,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"3","first_page":"1","last_page":"25"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11269","display_name":"Algorithms and Data Compression","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11269","display_name":"Algorithms and Data Compression","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12029","display_name":"DNA and Biological Computing","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12326","display_name":"Network Packet Processing and Optimization","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorics","display_name":"Combinatorics","score":0.7916872501373291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.6820935010910034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-complexity","display_name":"Time complexity","score":0.5829094052314758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-mathematics","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","score":0.5614590048789978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/upper-and-lower-bounds","display_name":"Upper and lower bounds","score":0.5392727851867676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exponential-time-hypothesis","display_name":"Exponential time hypothesis","score":0.5324795246124268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matching","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","score":0.4945363700389862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/string","display_name":"String (physics)","score":0.4179172217845917}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.7916872501373291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.6820935010910034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C311688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2393193","display_name":"Time complexity","level":2,"score":0.5829094052314758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.5614590048789978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77553402","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13222579","display_name":"Upper and lower bounds","level":2,"score":0.5392727851867676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71017364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421532","display_name":"Exponential time hypothesis","level":3,"score":0.5324795246124268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.4945363700389862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157486923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1376436","display_name":"String (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4179172217845917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37914503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156495","display_name":"Mathematical physics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3588334","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3588334","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3588334","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S137348503","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Algorithms","issn_l":"1549-6325","issn":["1549-6325","1549-6333"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arpi.unipi.it:11568/1242709","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11568/1242709","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196265","display_name":"CINECA IRIS Institutial research information system (University of Pisa)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","host_organization_name":"University of Pisa","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3588334","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3588334","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3588334","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S137348503","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Algorithms","issn_l":"1549-6325","issn":["1549-6325","1549-6333"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Algorithms","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3111746600","display_name":"Foundations of Safe and Complete Algorithms with Applications","funder_award_id":"322595","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321108","funder_display_name":"Academy of Finland"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3134969829","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"309048","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3444565068","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"309048","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321108","funder_display_name":"Academy of Finland"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4335441921","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"328877","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321108","funder_display_name":"Academy of Finland"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6224492464","display_name":"Safe and Complete Algorithms for Bioinformatics","funder_award_id":"851093","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6573264673","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"322595","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321108","funder_display_name":"Academy of Finland"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8554539475","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"309048, 322595, 328877","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321108","funder_display_name":"Academy of Finland"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321108","display_name":"Academy of Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/05k73zm37"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4327590906.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4327590906.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1544751140","https://openalex.org/W1598909951","https://openalex.org/W1764956874","https://openalex.org/W1781218127","https://openalex.org/W1813440684","https://openalex.org/W1893177189","https://openalex.org/W1985108724","https://openalex.org/W1985572324","https://openalex.org/W2011210839","https://openalex.org/W2022704179","https://openalex.org/W2054801208","https://openalex.org/W2054895735","https://openalex.org/W2055693471","https://openalex.org/W2084732238","https://openalex.org/W2114507260","https://openalex.org/W2129264270","https://openalex.org/W2169603381","https://openalex.org/W2169866700","https://openalex.org/W2207058206","https://openalex.org/W2242459625","https://openalex.org/W2496794807","https://openalex.org/W2609354056","https://openalex.org/W2725379159","https://openalex.org/W2767747923","https://openalex.org/W2799059383","https://openalex.org/W2808744076","https://openalex.org/W2810672408","https://openalex.org/W2885405981","https://openalex.org/W2888300707","https://openalex.org/W2910267792","https://openalex.org/W2912383825","https://openalex.org/W2932135563","https://openalex.org/W2952366981","https://openalex.org/W2960871920","https://openalex.org/W2963919031","https://openalex.org/W2964091527","https://openalex.org/W2965717164","https://openalex.org/W2966735921","https://openalex.org/W2977558816","https://openalex.org/W2999349690","https://openalex.org/W3038444735","https://openalex.org/W3081483715","https://openalex.org/W3089568060","https://openalex.org/W3100284210","https://openalex.org/W3114237669","https://openalex.org/W3119253592","https://openalex.org/W3126170517","https://openalex.org/W3131672637","https://openalex.org/W3159529122","https://openalex.org/W4233459951","https://openalex.org/W4295762850","https://openalex.org/W4310552159","https://openalex.org/W4311727100","https://openalex.org/W4312791883","https://openalex.org/W4313731580","https://openalex.org/W7006046120"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2949391255","https://openalex.org/W4214914101","https://openalex.org/W3196775331","https://openalex.org/W2256089709","https://openalex.org/W4287689012","https://openalex.org/W2000333212","https://openalex.org/W3049215996","https://openalex.org/W1540768932","https://openalex.org/W2964091527","https://openalex.org/W2185144104"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Exact":[0],"string":[1,31,107],"matching":[2,108,151,192,227,257,261],"in":[3,52,58,65,109,152,203,234],"labeled":[4],"graphs":[5,51,142,161,235],"is":[6,25,133,222],"the":[7,19,43,125,176,204,208,211,241],"problem":[8,38],"of":[9,12,21,45,55,62,167],"searching":[10],"paths":[11],"a":[13,28,70,118,260],"graph":[14,59],"G=(V,":[15],"E)":[16],"such":[17],"that":[18,206,223],"concatenation":[20],"their":[22],"node":[23,112,145],"labels":[24,113],"equal":[26],"to":[27,140,149,157,245],"given":[29],"pattern":[30,115,256],"P":[32],"[1.":[33],"m":[34,90,99],"].":[35],"This":[36,135],"basic":[37],"can":[39,182],"be":[40,122,183],"found":[41],"at":[42],"heart":[44],"more":[46],"complex":[47],"operations":[48,57,64],"on":[49,189],"variation":[50],"computational":[53],"biology,":[54],"query":[56],"databases,":[60],"and":[61,114,169,194,225,266],"analysis":[63],"heterogeneous":[66],"networks.":[67],"We":[68],"prove":[69],"conditional":[71],"lower":[72,177,263],"bound":[73,178,264],"stating":[74],"that,":[75],"for":[76,105],"any":[77],"constant":[78],"\u03b5":[79,89,102],"&gt;":[80],"0,":[81],"an":[82,94],"O":[83,95],"(|":[84,96],"E":[85,97],"|":[86,98],"1":[87,100],"-":[88,101],")":[91,132],"time,":[92],"or":[93,156,210],")time":[103],"algorithm":[104],"exact":[106,224],"graphs,":[110],"with":[111,143],"drawn":[116],"from":[117,186],"binary":[119],"alphabet,":[120],"cannot":[121],"achieved":[123],"unless":[124],"Strong":[126],"Exponential":[127],"Time":[128],"Hypothesis":[129],"(":[130],"SETH":[131,237,262],"false.":[134],"holds":[136],"even":[137],"if":[138],"restricted":[139,173,244],"undirected":[141],"maximum":[144,165],"degree":[146,209],"2\u2014that":[147],"is,":[148],"zig-zag":[150],"bidirectional":[153],"strings":[154,246],",":[155],"deterministic":[158],"directed":[159],"acyclic":[160],"whose":[162],"nodes":[163],"have":[164,247],"sum":[166],"indegree":[168],"outdegree":[170],"3.":[171],"These":[172],"cases":[174],"make":[175],"stricter":[179],"than":[180],"what":[181],"directly":[184],"derived":[185],"related":[187],"bounds":[188,200],"regular":[190],"expression":[191],"(Backurs":[193,265],"Indyk,":[195,267],"FOCS\u201916).":[196],"In":[197,239],"fact,":[198],"our":[199],"are":[201,228],"tight":[202],"sense":[205],"lowering":[207],"alphabet":[212],"size":[213],"yields":[214],"linear":[215,248],"time":[216,249,252],"solvable":[217],"problems.":[218],"An":[219],"interesting":[220],"corollary":[221],"approximate":[226],"equally":[229],"hard":[230],"(i.e.,":[231],"quadratic":[232,251],"time)":[233],"under":[236],".":[238],"comparison,":[240],"same":[242],"problems":[243],"vs":[250],"solutions,":[253],"respectively":[254],"(approximate":[255],"having":[258],"also":[259],"STOC\u201915)).":[268]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-13T08:25:38.343686","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
