{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4281389731","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3563297","title":"Tower: data structures in Quantum superposition","display_name":"Tower: data structures in Quantum superposition","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-10-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4281389731","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3563297"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3563297","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3563297","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3563297","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210216081","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","issn_l":"2475-1421","issn":["2475-1421"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3563297","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055486177","display_name":"Charles Yuan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4918-4467"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Charles Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4918-4467","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091194125","display_name":"Michael Carbin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6928-0456"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Carbin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6928-0456","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5055486177"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.1908,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92728401,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"OOPSLA2","first_page":"259","last_page":"288"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12002","display_name":"Computability, Logic, AI Algorithms","score":0.9900000095367432,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7164338827133179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-computer","display_name":"Quantum computer","score":0.5801367163658142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-algorithm","display_name":"Quantum algorithm","score":0.5632763504981995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.5344260334968567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-structure","display_name":"Data structure","score":0.47888392210006714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-circuit","display_name":"Quantum circuit","score":0.45470792055130005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pointer","display_name":"Pointer (user interface)","score":0.4359528720378876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.38252073526382446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3376721739768982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.2941359877586365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-network","display_name":"Quantum network","score":0.22870346903800964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-mechanics","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","score":0.12026774883270264}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7164338827133179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58053490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176555","display_name":"Quantum computer","level":3,"score":0.5801367163658142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137019171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2623817","display_name":"Quantum algorithm","level":3,"score":0.5632763504981995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.5344260334968567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162319229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175263","display_name":"Data structure","level":2,"score":0.47888392210006714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124148022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122210","display_name":"Quantum circuit","level":5,"score":0.45470792055130005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150202949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107602","display_name":"Pointer (user interface)","level":2,"score":0.4359528720378876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.38252073526382446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3376721739768982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.2941359877586365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186468114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q836478","display_name":"Quantum network","level":4,"score":0.22870346903800964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.12026774883270264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3563297","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3563297","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3563297","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210216081","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","issn_l":"2475-1421","issn":["2475-1421"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2205.10255","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2205.10255","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2205.10255","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.mit.edu:1721.1/146520","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/146520","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400425","display_name":"DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","host_organization_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ACM","raw_type":"http://purl.org/eprint/type/ConferencePaper"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3563297","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3563297","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3563297","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210216081","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","issn_l":"2475-1421","issn":["2475-1421"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306151","display_name":"Alfred P. Sloan Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/052csg198"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4281389731.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4281389731.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":70,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W32507011","https://openalex.org/W163485984","https://openalex.org/W252240609","https://openalex.org/W1492999010","https://openalex.org/W1493227342","https://openalex.org/W1531827643","https://openalex.org/W1537615043","https://openalex.org/W1568345435","https://openalex.org/W1608473410","https://openalex.org/W1614518745","https://openalex.org/W1638815512","https://openalex.org/W1967569591","https://openalex.org/W1968796785","https://openalex.org/W1988374166","https://openalex.org/W2015179126","https://openalex.org/W2027780909","https://openalex.org/W2031433874","https://openalex.org/W2051446825","https://openalex.org/W2058701696","https://openalex.org/W2061073612","https://openalex.org/W2072820197","https://openalex.org/W2073769657","https://openalex.org/W2084652510","https://openalex.org/W2090601235","https://openalex.org/W2105259569","https://openalex.org/W2110322033","https://openalex.org/W2111446139","https://openalex.org/W2112699581","https://openalex.org/W2131684748","https://openalex.org/W2135830616","https://openalex.org/W2145862486","https://openalex.org/W2155512447","https://openalex.org/W2157601714","https://openalex.org/W2160347025","https://openalex.org/W2165264713","https://openalex.org/W2334150129","https://openalex.org/W2491933619","https://openalex.org/W2563269605","https://openalex.org/W2770585428","https://openalex.org/W2772894202","https://openalex.org/W2775106578","https://openalex.org/W2790668893","https://openalex.org/W2795534239","https://openalex.org/W2913190182","https://openalex.org/W2969354510","https://openalex.org/W2989072520","https://openalex.org/W3016898042","https://openalex.org/W3023478445","https://openalex.org/W3023945571","https://openalex.org/W3033997567","https://openalex.org/W3045765071","https://openalex.org/W3098074752","https://openalex.org/W3100831540","https://openalex.org/W3102773744","https://openalex.org/W3104450852","https://openalex.org/W3104517613","https://openalex.org/W3106041057","https://openalex.org/W3106243186","https://openalex.org/W3109961245","https://openalex.org/W3121720605","https://openalex.org/W3135543780","https://openalex.org/W3173618123","https://openalex.org/W3209612530","https://openalex.org/W4225300998","https://openalex.org/W4226245056","https://openalex.org/W4251109627","https://openalex.org/W4297783802","https://openalex.org/W4298857602","https://openalex.org/W4299561400","https://openalex.org/W6894059792"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1874815355","https://openalex.org/W4229844547","https://openalex.org/W4243828764","https://openalex.org/W4254523142","https://openalex.org/W2391392917","https://openalex.org/W2409877639","https://openalex.org/W4281550036","https://openalex.org/W3206120658","https://openalex.org/W4390992964","https://openalex.org/W3131420525"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Emerging":[0],"quantum":[1,33,51,108,141,160,169,198,207],"algorithms":[2],"for":[3,31,91,107,168,191],"problems":[4],"such":[5,25,75],"as":[6,28,76,83,122,188],"element":[7],"distinctness,":[8],"subset":[9],"sum,":[10],"and":[11,70,154,217,237],"closest":[12],"pair":[13],"demonstrate":[14],"computational":[15],"advantages":[16],"by":[17],"relying":[18],"on":[19,196],"abstract":[20,81],"data":[21,41,120,174,210],"structures.":[22,175],"Practically":[23],"realizing":[24],"an":[26,36,60,80],"algorithm":[27],"a":[29,32,84,128,139,166,178,192,197],"program":[30,134,193],"computer":[34],"requires":[35],"efficient":[37],"implementation":[38,61,224],"of":[39,53,79,209,225,233],"the":[40,77,104,116,146,205,221],"structure":[42],"whose":[43],"operations":[44],"correspond":[45],"to":[46,93,118,135,138,194],"unitary":[47,140],"operators":[48],"that":[49,150,181,227],"manipulate":[50],"superpositions":[52],"data.":[54,125],"To":[55],"correctly":[56],"operate":[57],"in":[58,159],"superposition,":[59],"must":[62],"satisfy":[63],"three":[64,230],"properties":[65,232],"---":[66],"reversibility,":[67,234],"history":[68,235],"independence,":[69,236],"bounded-time":[71,238],"execution.":[72,239],"Standard":[73],"implementations,":[74],"representation":[78],"set":[82],"hash":[85],"table,":[86],"fail":[87],"these":[88],"properties,":[89],"calling":[90],"tools":[92],"develop":[94],"specialized":[95],"implementations.":[96],"In":[97],"this":[98],"work,":[99],"we":[100,202],"present":[101,144,164],"Core":[102,113],"Tower,":[103,165,201],"first":[105,147,206,222],"language":[106,167],"programming":[109,170],"with":[110,171],"random-access":[111],"memory.":[112],"Tower":[114,176],"enables":[115],"developer":[117],"implement":[119,203],"structures":[121],"pointer-based,":[123],"linked":[124],"It":[126],"features":[127,177],"reversible":[129],"semantics":[130],"enabling":[131],"every":[132],"valid":[133],"be":[136],"translated":[137],"circuit.":[142],"We":[143,162,219],"Boson,":[145],"memory":[148,157],"allocator":[149],"supports":[151],"reversible,":[152],"history-independent,":[153],"constant-time":[155],"dynamic":[156],"allocation":[158],"superposition.":[161],"also":[163],"recursively":[172],"defined":[173],"type":[179],"system":[180],"bounds":[182],"all":[183,229],"recursion":[184],"using":[185],"classical":[186],"parameters":[187],"is":[189],"necessary":[190],"execute":[195],"computer.":[199],"Using":[200],"Ground,":[204],"library":[208],"structures,":[211],"including":[212],"lists,":[213],"stacks,":[214],"queues,":[215],"strings,":[216],"sets.":[218],"provide":[220],"executable":[223],"sets":[226],"satisfies":[228],"mandated":[231]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
