{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4306908890","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3560834.3563830","title":"SpecDefender: Transient Execution Attack Defender using Performance Counters","display_name":"SpecDefender: Transient Execution Attack Defender using Performance Counters","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-11-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4306908890","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3560834.3563830"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3560834.3563830","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3560834.3563830","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2022 Workshop on Attacks and Solutions in Hardware Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030625717","display_name":"Amit Choudhari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5578-7061"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145102","display_name":"Institut Polytechnique de Paris","ror":"https://ror.org/042tfbd02","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145102"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amit Choudhari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Paris, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Paris, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145102"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008439372","display_name":"Sylvain Guilley","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5044-3534"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sylvain Guilley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Secure-IC S.A.S., Paris, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Secure-IC S.A.S., Paris, France","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086139219","display_name":"Khaled Karray","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9400-2848"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khaled Karray","raw_affiliation_strings":["Secure-IC S.A.S., Paris, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Secure-IC S.A.S., Paris, France","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5549,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72618558,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"15","last_page":"24"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11005","display_name":"Radiation Effects in Electronics","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8525130748748779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/execution-time","display_name":"Execution time","score":0.5998839139938354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5787318348884583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speculative-execution","display_name":"Speculative execution","score":0.5695199966430664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/instrumentation","display_name":"Instrumentation (computer programming)","score":0.5296504497528076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transient","display_name":"Transient (computer programming)","score":0.49969005584716797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.48714253306388855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/side-channel-attack","display_name":"Side channel attack","score":0.48692142963409424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.48574548959732056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/branch-predictor","display_name":"Branch predictor","score":0.4308667778968811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.34134942293167114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.29282236099243164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.2903608977794647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.287996381521225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.11809226870536804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.08761173486709595}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8525130748748779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989134064","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q288510","display_name":"Execution time","level":2,"score":0.5998839139938354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5787318348884583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141331961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2164465","display_name":"Speculative execution","level":2,"score":0.5695199966430664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118530786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134732","display_name":"Instrumentation (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.5296504497528076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780799671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17087362","display_name":"Transient (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.49969005584716797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.48714253306388855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49289754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2267081","display_name":"Side channel attack","level":3,"score":0.48692142963409424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.48574548959732056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168522837","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679552","display_name":"Branch predictor","level":2,"score":0.4308667778968811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.34134942293167114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.29282236099243164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.2903608977794647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.287996381521225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.11809226870536804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.08761173486709595}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3560834.3563830","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3560834.3563830","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2022 Workshop on Attacks and Solutions in Hardware Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1989773959","https://openalex.org/W2156858199","https://openalex.org/W2323164027","https://openalex.org/W2803900647","https://openalex.org/W2884163605","https://openalex.org/W2963311060","https://openalex.org/W2985509521","https://openalex.org/W3015291177","https://openalex.org/W3015465581","https://openalex.org/W3156526578","https://openalex.org/W3164916130","https://openalex.org/W4205417128","https://openalex.org/W4210437566","https://openalex.org/W4220832017"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2117888911","https://openalex.org/W2139338109","https://openalex.org/W4389162411","https://openalex.org/W2434762079","https://openalex.org/W365166040","https://openalex.org/W2897302968","https://openalex.org/W44766235","https://openalex.org/W250986928","https://openalex.org/W2072469765","https://openalex.org/W2159950491"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Side-channel":[0],"attacks":[1,104],"based":[2,140],"on":[3,141],"speculative":[4,36],"execution":[5,37,189],"have":[6],"gained":[7],"enough":[8],"traction":[9],"for":[10,122,169],"researchers.":[11],"This":[12,113],"has":[13],"resulted":[14],"in":[15,150,190],"the":[16,46,81,115,126,130,170,178,181],"development":[17],"of":[18,22,29,76,160,180,192],"more":[19,53],"creative":[20],"variants":[21,75],"Spectre":[23,77,103],"and":[24,105,134,144],"its":[25,142],"defences.":[26],"However,":[27],"many":[28],"these":[30,43,57],"defence":[31],"strategies":[32],"end":[33],"up":[34],"making":[35],"or":[38],"branch":[39],"prediction":[40],"ineffective.":[41],"While":[42],"techniques":[44],"protect":[45],"system,":[47],"they":[48],"cut":[49],"down":[50],"performance":[51,133],"by":[52],"than":[54],"50%.":[55],"Hence,":[56],"solutions":[58],"cannot":[59],"be":[60],"deployed.":[61],"In":[62],"this":[63,85],"paper,":[64],"we":[65],"present":[66],"a":[67,88],"framework":[68,86],"that":[69],"not":[70],"only":[71],"protects":[72],"against":[73,111],"different":[74,151],"but":[78],"also":[79],"maintains":[80],"performance.":[82],"We":[83],"prototyped":[84],"using":[87],"novel":[89],"tool":[90,116,127,137,171],"SpecDefender.":[91,193],"It":[92,153],"leverages":[93],"Hardware":[94],"Performance":[95],"Counter":[96],"(HPC)":[97],"registers":[98],"to":[99,109,146,172,187],"dynamically":[100],"detect":[101,147,173],"active":[102],"performs":[106],"dynamic":[107],"instrumentation":[108],"defend":[110],"them.":[112],"makes":[114],"widely":[117],"applicable":[118],"without":[119],"any":[120],"need":[121],"static":[123],"analysis.":[124],"Overall,":[125],"brings":[128],"back":[129],"balance":[131],"between":[132],"security.":[135],"The":[136,166],"was":[138,185],"evaluated":[139],"accuracy":[143],"precision":[145,156],"an":[148],"attack":[149,184],"scenarios.":[152],"exhibit":[154],">90%":[155],"when":[157],"five":[158],"out":[159],"ten":[161],"processes":[162],"were":[163],"simultaneously":[164],"attacked.":[165],"response":[167],"time":[168],"is":[174],"~2":[175],"sec.":[176],"Furthermore,":[177],"throughput":[179],"process":[182],"under":[183],"comparable":[186],"normal":[188],"presence":[191]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}