{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4306405369","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3551624.3555288","title":"Bias, Consistency, and Partisanship in U.S. Asylum Cases: A Machine Learning Analysis of Extraneous Factors in Immigration Court Decisions","display_name":"Bias, Consistency, and Partisanship in U.S. Asylum Cases: A Machine Learning Analysis of Extraneous Factors in Immigration Court Decisions","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-10-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4306405369","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3551624.3555288"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3551624.3555288","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3551624.3555288","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3551624.3555288","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Equity and Access in Algorithms, Mechanisms, and Optimization","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3551624.3555288","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102901620","display_name":"Vyoma Raman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2034-0726"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Vyoma Raman","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Berkeley, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Berkeley, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108823160","display_name":"Catherine Vera","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Catherine Vera","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Berkeley, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Berkeley, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056959096","display_name":"CJ Manna","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"CJ Manna","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Berkeley, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Berkeley, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102901620"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.8883,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90541822,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"14"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10802","display_name":"Judicial and Constitutional Studies","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10802","display_name":"Judicial and Constitutional Studies","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10108","display_name":"Electoral Systems and Political Participation","score":0.951200008392334,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10318","display_name":"Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis","score":0.935699999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immigration","display_name":"Immigration","score":0.8207154273986816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consistency","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","score":0.7837852239608765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/politics","display_name":"Politics","score":0.5874404907226562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/independence","display_name":"Independence (probability theory)","score":0.5351724624633789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.43118909001350403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.41798263788223267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.36702609062194824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demographic-economics","display_name":"Demographic economics","score":0.3436434864997864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.33667218685150146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.33427464962005615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/econometrics","display_name":"Econometrics","score":0.3339413106441498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2569580078125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.2109513282775879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.17080199718475342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.09017619490623474}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70036468","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131288","display_name":"Immigration","level":2,"score":0.8207154273986816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.7837852239608765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.5874404907226562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35651441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q625303","display_name":"Independence (probability theory)","level":2,"score":0.5351724624633789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.43118909001350403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.41798263788223267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.36702609062194824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.3436434864997864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.33667218685150146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.33427464962005615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.3339413106441498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2569580078125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.2109513282775879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.17080199718475342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09017619490623474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3551624.3555288","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3551624.3555288","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3551624.3555288","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Equity and Access in Algorithms, Mechanisms, and Optimization","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2305.16471","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2305.16471","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2305.16471","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3551624.3555288","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3551624.3555288","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3551624.3555288","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Equity and Access in Algorithms, Mechanisms, and Optimization","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Climate action","score":0.6899999976158142,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4306405369.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4306405369.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W269557233","https://openalex.org/W1976021081","https://openalex.org/W1986088818","https://openalex.org/W1991486227","https://openalex.org/W2011301426","https://openalex.org/W2074200234","https://openalex.org/W2084341220","https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2123001910","https://openalex.org/W2131601547","https://openalex.org/W2164774757","https://openalex.org/W2193151898","https://openalex.org/W2332359177","https://openalex.org/W2342249984","https://openalex.org/W2733714502","https://openalex.org/W2753845591","https://openalex.org/W2803718752","https://openalex.org/W2912845403","https://openalex.org/W2913488250","https://openalex.org/W2954825346","https://openalex.org/W2995382404","https://openalex.org/W2997591727","https://openalex.org/W3003162384","https://openalex.org/W3111791155","https://openalex.org/W3121345302","https://openalex.org/W3121382603","https://openalex.org/W3124363787","https://openalex.org/W3150635270","https://openalex.org/W3181414820","https://openalex.org/W4247378692","https://openalex.org/W4385591860","https://openalex.org/W6969259846"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W117615249","https://openalex.org/W2117752611","https://openalex.org/W2154128110","https://openalex.org/W1526100476","https://openalex.org/W1606538926","https://openalex.org/W2189242000","https://openalex.org/W3124423939","https://openalex.org/W2111226875","https://openalex.org/W1904403550","https://openalex.org/W3124317723"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"study,":[2],"we":[3,84,142,193],"introduce":[4],"a":[5,62,66],"novel":[6],"two-pronged":[7],"scoring":[8],"system":[9],"to":[10,40,58,106,164,176,200],"measure":[11],"individual":[12,124,133],"and":[13,36,79,96,122,178,192,196,203],"systemic":[14,184],"bias":[15],"in":[16,69,112,148,186],"immigration":[17,33,173],"courts":[18],"under":[19],"the":[20,59,70,88,102,115,119,123,127,132,136,149,155,158,165,171,187],"U.S.":[21,47,172,188],"Executive":[22],"Office":[23],"of":[24,61,72,87,118,126,135,157],"Immigration":[25],"Review":[26],"(EOIR).":[27],"We":[28,64],"analyze":[29],"nearly":[30],"6":[31],"million":[32],"court":[34],"proceedings":[35],"228":[37],"case":[38],"features":[39],"build":[41],"on":[42,53,114],"prior":[43],"research":[44],"showing":[45],"that":[46,55,75,145,167],"asylum":[48,105,189],"decisions":[49],"vary":[50],"dramatically":[51],"based":[52],"factors":[54],"are":[56,162],"extraneous":[57],"merits":[60,134],"case.":[63,137],"close":[65],"critical":[67],"gap":[68],"literature":[71],"variability":[73,91,125,198],"metrics":[74,199],"can":[76],"span":[77],"space":[78],"time.":[80],"Using":[81,138],"predictive":[82],"modeling,":[83],"explain":[85],"58.54%":[86],"total":[89],"decision":[90],"using":[92],"two":[93],"metrics:":[94],"partisanship":[95,146],"inter-judge":[97],"cohort":[98],"consistency.":[99],"Thus,":[100],"whether":[101],"EOIR":[103],"grants":[104],"an":[107],"applicant":[108],"or":[109],"not":[110,131],"depends":[111],"majority":[113],"combined":[116],"effects":[117],"political":[120],"climate":[121],"presiding":[128],"judge":[129],"\u2014":[130],"time":[139],"series":[140],"analysis,":[141],"also":[143],"demonstrate":[144],"increased":[147],"early":[150],"1990s":[151],"but":[152],"plateaued":[153],"following":[154],"turn":[156],"century.":[159],"These":[160],"conclusions":[161],"striking":[163],"extent":[166],"they":[168],"diverge":[169],"from":[170],"system\u2019s":[174],"commitments":[175],"independence":[177],"due":[179],"process.":[180],"Our":[181],"contributions":[182],"expose":[183],"inequities":[185],"decision-making":[190],"process,":[191],"recommend":[194],"improved":[195],"standardized":[197],"better":[201],"diagnose":[202],"monitor":[204],"these":[205],"issues.":[206]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2022-10-17T00:00:00"}