{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4214871780","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3503799","title":"Identification of Low-engaged Learners in Robot-led Second Language Conversations with Adults","display_name":"Identification of Low-engaged Learners in Robot-led Second Language Conversations with Adults","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-03-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4214871780","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3503799"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3503799","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3503799","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3503799","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210193251","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Human-Robot Interaction","issn_l":"2573-9522","issn":["2573-9522"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Human-Robot Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3503799","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019674455","display_name":"Olov Engwall","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4532-014X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86987016","display_name":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/026vcq606","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Olov Engwall","raw_affiliation_strings":["KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4532-014X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088868324","display_name":"Ronald Cumbal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4472-4732"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86987016","display_name":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/026vcq606","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ronald Cumbal","raw_affiliation_strings":["KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045821487","display_name":"Jos\u00e9 Lopes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8773-9216"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32062511","display_name":"Heriot-Watt University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mghma93","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32062511"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jos\u00e9 Lopes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32062511"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013436439","display_name":"Mikael Ljung","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86987016","display_name":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/026vcq606","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mikael Ljung","raw_affiliation_strings":["KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088282825","display_name":"Linnea M\u00e5nsson","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86987016","display_name":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/026vcq606","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Linnea M\u00e5nsson","raw_affiliation_strings":["KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5019674455"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.4632,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88363642,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"2","first_page":"1","last_page":"33"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10709","display_name":"Social Robot Interaction and HRI","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10709","display_name":"Social Robot Interaction and HRI","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12128","display_name":"AI in Service Interactions","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conversation","display_name":"Conversation","score":0.6839008331298828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/competence","display_name":"Competence (human resources)","score":0.5967129468917847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.567428469657898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5129424929618835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.4608980715274811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.44634151458740234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-robot","display_name":"Social robot","score":0.43445754051208496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.3757729232311249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.32569456100463867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2829627990722656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communication","display_name":"Communication","score":0.21939843893051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.12596744298934937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-robot","display_name":"Mobile robot","score":0.1020718514919281}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777200299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52943","display_name":"Conversation","level":2,"score":0.6839008331298828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100521375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2015382","display_name":"Competence (human resources)","level":2,"score":0.5967129468917847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.567428469657898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5129424929618835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4608980715274811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.44634151458740234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162947575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2005645","display_name":"Social robot","level":5,"score":0.43445754051208496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3757729232311249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.32569456100463867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2829627990722656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.21939843893051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.12596744298934937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19966478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4810574","display_name":"Mobile robot","level":3,"score":0.1020718514919281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65401140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353385","display_name":"Robot control","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3503799","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3503799","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3503799","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210193251","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Human-Robot Interaction","issn_l":"2573-9522","issn":["2573-9522"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Human-Robot Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:DiVA.org:kth-305045","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-305045","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401559","display_name":"KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Manuscript (preprint)"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3503799","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3503799","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3503799","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210193251","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Human-Robot Interaction","issn_l":"2573-9522","issn":["2573-9522"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Human-Robot Interaction","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8299999833106995}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1994325693","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2016-03698","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322581","funder_display_name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2966729111","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MAW 2020.0052","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327344","funder_display_name":"Marcus och Amalia Wallenbergs minnesfond"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322581","display_name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","ror":"https://ror.org/03zttf063"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327344","display_name":"Marcus och Amalia Wallenbergs minnesfond","ror":"https://ror.org/024f3s581"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4214871780.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4214871780.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W175750906","https://openalex.org/W1496773386","https://openalex.org/W1542318638","https://openalex.org/W1694248630","https://openalex.org/W1929610448","https://openalex.org/W1930061150","https://openalex.org/W1964744287","https://openalex.org/W1984683739","https://openalex.org/W1988568632","https://openalex.org/W1996318578","https://openalex.org/W2023736093","https://openalex.org/W2028029365","https://openalex.org/W2042585112","https://openalex.org/W2064422984","https://openalex.org/W2090902583","https://openalex.org/W2097991536","https://openalex.org/W2098955253","https://openalex.org/W2103039838","https://openalex.org/W2115417283","https://openalex.org/W2124901121","https://openalex.org/W2127429655","https://openalex.org/W2148633389","https://openalex.org/W2151920946","https://openalex.org/W2154685090","https://openalex.org/W2155243985","https://openalex.org/W2156503193","https://openalex.org/W2158943324","https://openalex.org/W2164777277","https://openalex.org/W2167212741","https://openalex.org/W2171618137","https://openalex.org/W2250932052","https://openalex.org/W2291168657","https://openalex.org/W2395639500","https://openalex.org/W2396552658","https://openalex.org/W2399849101","https://openalex.org/W2478170430","https://openalex.org/W2560862806","https://openalex.org/W2580343853","https://openalex.org/W2606669158","https://openalex.org/W2612324693","https://openalex.org/W2739254393","https://openalex.org/W2768102515","https://openalex.org/W2775496038","https://openalex.org/W2792578050","https://openalex.org/W2899973249","https://openalex.org/W2944582816","https://openalex.org/W2975151577","https://openalex.org/W2997591727","https://openalex.org/W3010129262","https://openalex.org/W3014664651","https://openalex.org/W3014717059","https://openalex.org/W3036876381","https://openalex.org/W3041258171","https://openalex.org/W3048310483","https://openalex.org/W3099207354","https://openalex.org/W3134433028","https://openalex.org/W4200536610","https://openalex.org/W4240320754","https://openalex.org/W4298236442"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2765333006","https://openalex.org/W2133150803","https://openalex.org/W2082173922","https://openalex.org/W2933829981","https://openalex.org/W2063471269","https://openalex.org/W2742736081","https://openalex.org/W4389264240","https://openalex.org/W2085401368","https://openalex.org/W2128913763","https://openalex.org/W2593469586"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,28,77,101,143],"main":[1],"aim":[2],"of":[3,49,94,150,188],"this":[4],"study":[5],"is":[6],"to":[7,18,98,163,178],"investigate":[8],"if":[9],"verbal,":[10],"vocal,":[11],"and":[12,35,62,75,104,129,135,147,181,185],"facial":[13,106],"information":[14],"can":[15],"be":[16,164],"used":[17],"identify":[19],"low-engaged":[20,151],"second":[21],"language":[22,51],"learners":[23,52,82,119,152],"in":[24,41,130,136],"robot-led":[25],"conversation":[26],"practice.":[27],"experiments":[29,170],"were":[30],"performed":[31],"on":[32,91,109,154],"voice":[33,155],"recordings":[34,156],"video":[36],"data":[37],"from":[38],"50":[39],"conversations,":[40],"which":[42],"a":[43,172],"robotic":[44],"head":[45],"talks":[46],"with":[47,58,83,120,192],"pairs":[48],"adult":[50],"using":[53],"four":[54,95],"different":[55],"interaction":[56,70,191],"strategies":[57,71],"varying":[59],"robot-learner":[60],"focus":[61],"initiative.":[63],"It":[64],"was":[65,160],"found":[66,162],"that":[67,81,118],"these":[68],"robot":[69,88],"influenced":[72],"learner":[73],"activity":[74,85,180],"engagement.":[76],"verbal":[78],"analysis":[79],"indicated":[80],"low":[84,121],"rated":[86,123,138],"the":[87,124,139,189],"significantly":[89],"lower":[90],"two":[92],"out":[93],"scales":[96],"related":[97],"social":[99,126],"competence.":[100],"acoustic":[102],"vocal":[103],"video-based":[105],"analysis,":[107],"based":[108,153],"manual":[110,146],"annotations":[111],"or":[112,157],"machine":[113],"learning":[114,140],"classification,":[115],"both":[116],"showed":[117],"engagement":[122,182],"robot\u2019s":[125,190],"competencies":[127],"consistently,":[128],"several":[131],"cases":[132],"significantly,":[133],"lower,":[134],"addition":[137],"effectiveness":[141],"lower.":[142],"agreement":[144],"between":[145],"automatic":[148],"identification":[149],"face":[158],"videos":[159],"further":[161],"adequate":[165],"for":[166],"future":[167],"use.":[168],"These":[169],"constitute":[171],"first":[173],"step":[174],"towards":[175],"enabling":[176],"adaption":[177],"learners\u2019":[179],"through":[183],"within-":[184],"between-strategy":[186],"changes":[187],"learners.":[193]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
