{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3178267322","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3475716.3475781","title":"An Empirical Study of Rule-Based and Learning-Based Approaches for Static Application Security Testing","display_name":"An Empirical Study of Rule-Based and Learning-Based Approaches for Static Application Security Testing","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3178267322","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3475716.3475781","mag":"3178267322"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3475716.3475781","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3475716.3475781","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 15th ACM / IEEE International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement (ESEM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2107.01921","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040400519","display_name":"Roland Croft","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5011-6587"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5681781","display_name":"The University of Adelaide","ror":"https://ror.org/00892tw58","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5681781"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roland Croft","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Adelaide, Cyber Security Cooperative, Research Centre"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Adelaide, Cyber Security Cooperative, Research Centre","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5681781"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085900316","display_name":"Dominic Newlands","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5681781","display_name":"The University of Adelaide","ror":"https://ror.org/00892tw58","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5681781"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dominic Newlands","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Adelaide"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Adelaide","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5681781"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100373636","display_name":"Ziyu Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4277-1204"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801239119","display_name":"Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02qa5kg76","country_code":"AU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801037857","https://openalex.org/I2801239119","https://openalex.org/I56590836"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56590836","display_name":"Monash University","ror":"https://ror.org/02bfwt286","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ziyu Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Monash University","Monash#N#        University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Monash University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801239119","https://openalex.org/I56590836"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Monash#N#        University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058693284","display_name":"Muhammad Ali Babar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6653-6076"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5681781","display_name":"The University of Adelaide","ror":"https://ror.org/00892tw58","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5681781"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Ali Babar","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Adelaide, Cyber Security Cooperative, Research Centre"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Adelaide, Cyber Security Cooperative, Research Centre","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5681781"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2557,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.46112177,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"12"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7682449817657471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","score":0.6462260484695435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-code","display_name":"Source code","score":0.6070429682731628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unification","display_name":"Unification","score":0.5278080701828003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/application-security","display_name":"Application security","score":0.5051897168159485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.5000767707824707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-security-assurance","display_name":"Software security assurance","score":0.48993176221847534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/static-analysis","display_name":"Static analysis","score":0.4841338098049164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variety","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","score":0.46624818444252014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/secure-coding","display_name":"Secure coding","score":0.4322068691253662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empirical-research","display_name":"Empirical research","score":0.4155794382095337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.39743494987487793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.3592148721218109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.34181010723114014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.341449111700058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2592957615852356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-security","display_name":"Information security","score":0.2250029444694519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.2003515064716339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.18003007769584656}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7682449817657471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.6462260484695435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.6070429682731628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96146094","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q609057","display_name":"Unification","level":2,"score":0.5278080701828003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77109596","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4781497","display_name":"Application security","level":5,"score":0.5051897168159485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.5000767707824707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62913178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7554361","display_name":"Software security assurance","level":4,"score":0.48993176221847534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97686452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7604153","display_name":"Static analysis","level":2,"score":0.4841338098049164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.46624818444252014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22680326","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7444867","display_name":"Secure coding","level":5,"score":0.4322068691253662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.4155794382095337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.39743494987487793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.3592148721218109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.34181010723114014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.341449111700058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2592957615852356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527648132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189900","display_name":"Information security","level":2,"score":0.2250029444694519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.2003515064716339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.18003007769584656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29983905","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7445066","display_name":"Security service","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3475716.3475781","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3475716.3475781","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 15th ACM / IEEE International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement (ESEM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2107.01921","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2107.01921","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2107.01921","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:3178267322","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/pdf/2107.01921.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2107.01921","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2107.01921","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2107.01921","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2107.01921","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2107.01921","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.6399999856948853}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315885","display_name":"Australian Government","ror":"https://ror.org/0314h5y94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3178267322.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3178267322.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":63,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W814172419","https://openalex.org/W1965860954","https://openalex.org/W1985514943","https://openalex.org/W1997236144","https://openalex.org/W1997646511","https://openalex.org/W2004758929","https://openalex.org/W2022759867","https://openalex.org/W2025411198","https://openalex.org/W2043837581","https://openalex.org/W2048899404","https://openalex.org/W2060404290","https://openalex.org/W2067148378","https://openalex.org/W2069268700","https://openalex.org/W2078393527","https://openalex.org/W2079753286","https://openalex.org/W2090633024","https://openalex.org/W2111421634","https://openalex.org/W2123402141","https://openalex.org/W2124153277","https://openalex.org/W2138538192","https://openalex.org/W2142439564","https://openalex.org/W2154398797","https://openalex.org/W2290790037","https://openalex.org/W2474835145","https://openalex.org/W2514084604","https://openalex.org/W2599482629","https://openalex.org/W2682463074","https://openalex.org/W2731743750","https://openalex.org/W2748690817","https://openalex.org/W2754913139","https://openalex.org/W2781491433","https://openalex.org/W2792425537","https://openalex.org/W2804267743","https://openalex.org/W2884464038","https://openalex.org/W2892195839","https://openalex.org/W2894722365","https://openalex.org/W2954611248","https://openalex.org/W2963548617","https://openalex.org/W2964279097","https://openalex.org/W2966046554","https://openalex.org/W2971474967","https://openalex.org/W2976928731","https://openalex.org/W2999309192","https://openalex.org/W3006605886","https://openalex.org/W3009517030","https://openalex.org/W3011056055","https://openalex.org/W3033053557","https://openalex.org/W3047958222","https://openalex.org/W3081792418","https://openalex.org/W3090988470","https://openalex.org/W3093681468","https://openalex.org/W3097867666","https://openalex.org/W3101228802","https://openalex.org/W3109165554","https://openalex.org/W3127782461","https://openalex.org/W3156556445","https://openalex.org/W3160070616","https://openalex.org/W3175995826","https://openalex.org/W3176465319","https://openalex.org/W3202871865","https://openalex.org/W4231935229","https://openalex.org/W6727233892","https://openalex.org/W6976853457"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3199693282","https://openalex.org/W3181957689","https://openalex.org/W2620487885","https://openalex.org/W172980757","https://openalex.org/W2150561003","https://openalex.org/W41615716","https://openalex.org/W2784854539","https://openalex.org/W2560471068","https://openalex.org/W2492591715","https://openalex.org/W2081937291","https://openalex.org/W1996656994","https://openalex.org/W2990814745","https://openalex.org/W2548022247","https://openalex.org/W2947662160","https://openalex.org/W2888936829","https://openalex.org/W2907061666","https://openalex.org/W3014225825","https://openalex.org/W2883184365","https://openalex.org/W2809689731","https://openalex.org/W2774561873"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background:":[0],"Static":[1],"Application":[2],"Security":[3],"Testing":[4],"(SAST)":[5],"tools":[6,19,39,78,104,129],"purport":[7],"to":[8,24,33,82,157],"assist":[9],"developers":[10],"in":[11,15],"detecting":[12],"security":[13,29,90],"issues":[14],"source":[16,26,88],"code.":[17],"These":[18],"typically":[20],"use":[21,186],"rule-based":[22],"approaches":[23,46,153],"scan":[25],"code":[27,89],"for":[28,47,87,144,185],"vulnerabilities.":[30],"However,":[31],"due":[32,156],"the":[34,59,95,117,124,151,171],"significant":[35],"shortcomings":[36],"of":[37,62,76,100,111,122,150,175],"these":[38,63,176,180],"(i.e.,":[40],"high":[41],"false":[42],"positive":[43],"rates),":[44],"learning-based":[45],"Software":[48],"Vulnerability":[49],"Prediction":[50],"(SVP)":[51],"are":[52],"becoming":[53],"a":[54,109],"popular":[55],"approach.":[56],"Aims:":[57],"Despite":[58],"similar":[60,134],"objectives":[61],"two":[64,125,152,177],"approaches,":[65],"their":[66,84],"comparative":[67],"value":[68],"is":[69,154],"unexplored.":[70],"We":[71,93,114],"provide":[72,133,168,183],"an":[73],"empirical":[74],"analysis":[75],"SAST":[77,103,128],"and":[79,97,105,119,130,147,173,187],"SVP":[80,106,131,138],"models,":[81],"identify":[83],"relative":[85],"capabilities":[86,172],"analysis.":[91],"Method:":[92],"evaluate":[94],"detection":[96,135,146],"assessment":[98],"performance":[99,143],"several":[101],"common":[102],"models":[107,132,139],"on":[108],"variety":[110],"vulnerability":[112],"datasets.":[113],"further":[115],"assess":[116],"viability":[118],"potential":[120],"benefits":[121],"combining":[123],"approaches.":[126,178],"Results:":[127],"capabilities,":[136],"but":[137],"exhibit":[140],"better":[141],"overall":[142],"both":[145],"assessment.":[148],"Unification":[149],"difficult":[155],"lacking":[158],"synergies.":[159],"Conclusions:":[160],"Our":[161],"study":[162],"generates":[163],"12":[164],"main":[165],"findings":[166],"which":[167],"insights":[169],"into":[170],"synergy":[174],"Through":[179],"observations":[181],"we":[182],"recommendations":[184],"improvement.":[188]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-05T07:39:15.569665","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
