{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3173398030","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3459990.3460717","title":"3DnST: A Framework Towards Understanding Children\u2019s Interaction with Tinkercad and Enhancing Spatial Thinking Skills","display_name":"3DnST: A Framework Towards Understanding Children\u2019s Interaction with Tinkercad and Enhancing Spatial Thinking Skills","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3173398030","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3459990.3460717","mag":"3173398030"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3459990.3460717","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3459990.3460717","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3459990.3460717","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306418951","display_name":"Interaction Design and Children","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Interaction Design and Children","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3459990.3460717","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007116727","display_name":"Srinjita Bhaduri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0178-2513"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188538660","display_name":"University of Colorado Boulder","ror":"https://ror.org/02ttsq026","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Srinjita Bhaduri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science University of Colorado Boulder, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science University of Colorado Boulder, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012177993","display_name":"Quentin Biddy","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802236040","display_name":"University of Colorado System","ror":"https://ror.org/00jc20583","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802236040"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188538660","display_name":"University of Colorado Boulder","ror":"https://ror.org/02ttsq026","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Quentin L Biddy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Cognitive Science University of Colorado Boulder, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Cognitive Science University of Colorado Boulder, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802236040","https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019199184","display_name":"Jeffrey B. Bush","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4129-7504"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802236040","display_name":"University of Colorado System","ror":"https://ror.org/00jc20583","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802236040"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188538660","display_name":"University of Colorado Boulder","ror":"https://ror.org/02ttsq026","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeffrey Bush","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Cognitive Science University of Colorado Boulder, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Cognitive Science University of Colorado Boulder, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802236040","https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100785696","display_name":"Abhijit Suresh","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802236040","display_name":"University of Colorado System","ror":"https://ror.org/00jc20583","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802236040"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188538660","display_name":"University of Colorado Boulder","ror":"https://ror.org/02ttsq026","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abhijit Suresh","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Colorado, Boulder, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Colorado, Boulder, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802236040","https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051906525","display_name":"Tamara Sumner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8785-3238"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188538660","display_name":"University of Colorado Boulder","ror":"https://ror.org/02ttsq026","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802236040","display_name":"University of Colorado System","ror":"https://ror.org/00jc20583","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802236040"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tamara Sumner","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Colorado, Boulder, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Colorado, Boulder, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802236040","https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5007116727"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7878,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8243553,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"257","last_page":"267"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10888","display_name":"Augmented Reality Applications","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10888","display_name":"Augmented Reality Applications","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11904","display_name":"Spatial Cognition and Navigation","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10789","display_name":"Interactive and Immersive Displays","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6358078718185425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coding","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","score":0.555279552936554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-thinking","display_name":"Computational thinking","score":0.5312081575393677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interface","display_name":"Interface (matter)","score":0.45235544443130493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.4485156834125519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/3d-model","display_name":"3d model","score":0.43565648794174194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/3d-modeling","display_name":"3D modeling","score":0.4315301477909088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.4301379919052124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/3d-printed","display_name":"3d printed","score":0.42334163188934326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics-education","display_name":"Mathematics education","score":0.33663809299468994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.1967889666557312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.18356212973594666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.17837592959403992}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6358078718185425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179518139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140297","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","level":2,"score":0.555279552936554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780368719","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5157342","display_name":"Computational thinking","level":2,"score":0.5312081575393677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113843644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882","display_name":"Interface (matter)","level":4,"score":0.45235544443130493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.4485156834125519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019007443","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q568742","display_name":"3d model","level":2,"score":0.43565648794174194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777897806","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q568742","display_name":"3D modeling","level":2,"score":0.4315301477909088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.4301379919052124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019308078","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q229367","display_name":"3d printed","level":2,"score":0.42334163188934326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.33663809299468994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.1967889666557312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.18356212973594666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.17837592959403992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136229726","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327092","display_name":"Biomedical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157915830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2928001","display_name":"Bubble","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129307140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6795880","display_name":"Maximum bubble pressure method","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3459990.3460717","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3459990.3460717","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3459990.3460717","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306418951","display_name":"Interaction Design and Children","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Interaction Design and Children","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3459990.3460717","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3459990.3460717","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3459990.3460717","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306418951","display_name":"Interaction Design and Children","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Interaction Design and Children","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.7400000095367432}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1114915053","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1948709","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5764135737","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1742053","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3173398030.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3173398030.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":58,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W591942048","https://openalex.org/W1483366294","https://openalex.org/W1908669997","https://openalex.org/W1968657424","https://openalex.org/W1973656803","https://openalex.org/W1979271619","https://openalex.org/W1986965583","https://openalex.org/W1988758996","https://openalex.org/W1996445490","https://openalex.org/W2002197293","https://openalex.org/W2023076885","https://openalex.org/W2032694829","https://openalex.org/W2056890364","https://openalex.org/W2057210968","https://openalex.org/W2060045074","https://openalex.org/W2066645370","https://openalex.org/W2067910949","https://openalex.org/W2083207398","https://openalex.org/W2093657123","https://openalex.org/W2107528802","https://openalex.org/W2108518387","https://openalex.org/W2111385727","https://openalex.org/W2115889461","https://openalex.org/W2122122381","https://openalex.org/W2134968647","https://openalex.org/W2135943618","https://openalex.org/W2138195897","https://openalex.org/W2139871293","https://openalex.org/W2145535795","https://openalex.org/W2149868499","https://openalex.org/W2164574416","https://openalex.org/W2172698735","https://openalex.org/W2234384048","https://openalex.org/W2243364498","https://openalex.org/W2260091465","https://openalex.org/W2340239395","https://openalex.org/W2345448286","https://openalex.org/W2395050409","https://openalex.org/W2421937683","https://openalex.org/W2436544918","https://openalex.org/W2460513836","https://openalex.org/W2565457021","https://openalex.org/W2610548753","https://openalex.org/W2617277450","https://openalex.org/W2646488155","https://openalex.org/W2647177782","https://openalex.org/W2750428996","https://openalex.org/W2785474141","https://openalex.org/W2795465711","https://openalex.org/W2808065354","https://openalex.org/W2811330866","https://openalex.org/W2896914505","https://openalex.org/W2898205838","https://openalex.org/W2898412186","https://openalex.org/W2941270448","https://openalex.org/W2943223969","https://openalex.org/W2948932736","https://openalex.org/W3094316450"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2900985841","https://openalex.org/W4311308381","https://openalex.org/W3143076406","https://openalex.org/W2708417971","https://openalex.org/W4296671461","https://openalex.org/W2314700393","https://openalex.org/W4384469254","https://openalex.org/W3210031143","https://openalex.org/W4389210713","https://openalex.org/W2968677063"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,97,106],"proliferation":[2],"of":[3,45,66,70],"3D":[4,17,22,36,46,72,87,115],"printing":[5,116],"technologies":[6],"in":[7,33,118,141],"schools":[8],"and":[9,50,100,110,124,130],"makerspaces,":[10],"there":[11],"is":[12],"a":[13,42,57,71,114],"need":[14],"for":[15,31],"teaching":[16],"modeling":[18,23,73],"to":[19,40,134,138],"students.":[20],"Learning":[21],"enhances":[24],"spatial":[25,92],"thinking":[26,93],"skills,":[27,94],"an":[28],"essential":[29],"skill":[30],"success":[32],"STEM.":[34],"Creating":[35],"models":[37],"requires":[38],"students":[39,84,140],"have":[41],"deep":[43],"understanding":[44],"space,":[47],"including":[48],"rotating":[49],"scaling.":[51],"In":[52],"this":[53,136],"study,":[54],"we":[55],"propose":[56],"framework":[58,79,107,137],"developed":[59],"through":[60],"video-coding":[61],"from":[62,113],"analyzing":[63,111],"screen":[64],"recordings":[65],"middle-school":[67],"students\u2019":[68],"usage":[69],"tool":[74],"-":[75],"Tinkercad.":[76],"The":[77],"proposed":[78],"focuses":[80],"on":[81,132],"identifying":[82],"challenges":[83,90],"encounter":[85],"during":[86],"modeling.":[88],"These":[89],"include":[91],"working":[95],"with":[96,146],"Tinkercad":[98],"interface,":[99],"mental":[101],"model":[102],"formation.":[103],"We":[104],"authenticated":[105],"by":[108],"collecting":[109],"data":[112],"unit":[117],"three":[119],"middle":[120],"schools.":[121],"Our":[122],"results":[123],"subsequent":[125],"analysis":[126],"can":[127],"guide":[128],"educators":[129],"researchers":[131],"how":[133],"use":[135],"support":[139],"having":[142],"productive":[143],"learning":[144],"experiences":[145],"Computer-Aided":[147],"Design":[148],"tools.":[149]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-21T08:09:41.155169","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
