{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3174927079","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3448016.3457248","title":"DIV","display_name":"DIV","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3174927079","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3448016.3457248","mag":"3174927079"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3448016.3457248","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3448016.3457248","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2021 International Conference on Management of Data","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001649750","display_name":"Zihuan Xu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zihuan XU","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100333516","display_name":"Lei Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8257-5806"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5001649750"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.2032,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89738545,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"2036","last_page":"2048"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11614","display_name":"Cloud Data Security Solutions","score":0.9754999876022339,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7454532384872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cardinality","display_name":"Cardinality (data modeling)","score":0.7147919535636902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.637098491191864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/element","display_name":"Element (criminal law)","score":0.5249462127685547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.47606179118156433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.42674684524536133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.33673736453056335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.32747483253479004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.21460315585136414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1975233554840088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.1268523633480072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.10313671827316284}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7454532384872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87117476","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q362383","display_name":"Cardinality (data modeling)","level":2,"score":0.7147919535636902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.637098491191864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200288055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2621792","display_name":"Element (criminal law)","level":2,"score":0.5249462127685547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.47606179118156433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.42674684524536133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.33673736453056335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.32747483253479004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.21460315585136414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1975233554840088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.1268523633480072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.10313671827316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3448016.3457248","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3448016.3457248","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2021 International Conference on Management of Data","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.hkust.edu.hk:1783.1-111776","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://repository.hkust.edu.hk/ir/Record/1783.1-111776","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401796","display_name":"Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Conference paper"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.ust.hk:1783.1-111776","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://gateway.isiknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS&KeyUT=000747673800158","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401796","display_name":"Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference paper"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.4399999976158142,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1283425618","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018AAA0101100","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4180724","https://openalex.org/W86271205","https://openalex.org/W1502328873","https://openalex.org/W1607188293","https://openalex.org/W1899379166","https://openalex.org/W1981121741","https://openalex.org/W2018746447","https://openalex.org/W2033820870","https://openalex.org/W2043007983","https://openalex.org/W2075746277","https://openalex.org/W2165297797","https://openalex.org/W2166670067","https://openalex.org/W2169657197","https://openalex.org/W2293021588","https://openalex.org/W2496543269","https://openalex.org/W2734207648","https://openalex.org/W2748345908","https://openalex.org/W2765206040","https://openalex.org/W2765461951","https://openalex.org/W2883748642","https://openalex.org/W2898776076","https://openalex.org/W2900580116","https://openalex.org/W2903368601","https://openalex.org/W2913435035","https://openalex.org/W2963507231","https://openalex.org/W3015292646","https://openalex.org/W3022540164","https://openalex.org/W4210896998","https://openalex.org/W4248175462","https://openalex.org/W4252735936"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4210406818","https://openalex.org/W4306779889","https://openalex.org/W4386732777","https://openalex.org/W2098003804","https://openalex.org/W2947386998","https://openalex.org/W3013412531","https://openalex.org/W2922502643","https://openalex.org/W4253893712","https://openalex.org/W3021560513","https://openalex.org/W59082735"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Zero-knowledge":[0],"set":[1,32,151],"membership":[2,13],"(ZKSM)":[3],"proof":[4,61,95,143],"is":[5,145],"widely":[6],"used":[7,105,211],"in":[8,24,103,147],"blockchain":[9,26,75],"to":[10,40,45,47,71,83,92,172,187],"enable":[11],"private":[12],"attestation.":[14],"However,":[15,90],"existing":[16],"mechanisms":[17,171],"do":[18],"not":[19,34],"fully":[20],"consider":[21,137],"dynamic":[22,88,203],"issues":[23],"the":[25,37,60,80,85,93,115,150,207,217],"scenario.":[27],"Particularly,":[28],"frequent":[29],"addition/removal":[30],"of":[31,59,87,220],"elements,":[33],"only":[35],"brings":[36],"significant":[38],"cost":[39,199],"keep":[41],"public":[42],"parameters":[43],"up":[44],"date":[46],"provers":[48],"and":[49,62,110,122,129,155,168,176,178],"verifiers":[50],"but":[51],"also":[52,214],"affects":[53],"mechanism":[54],"efficiency":[55,175],"(e.g.,":[56],"generation":[57],"time":[58],"verification,":[63],"etc.).":[64],"In":[65],"this":[66],"paper,":[67],"we":[68,113,136],"propose":[69,156],"DIV":[70,163,180,194],"shard":[72],"elements":[73,106],"on":[74,164,181,200],"into":[76],"independent":[77],"subsets":[78],"with":[79,158],"same":[81],"cardinality":[82],"reduce":[84],"effect":[86],"issues.":[89],"due":[91],"diverse":[94],"frequency,":[96],"an":[97],"improper":[98],"element-set":[99],"assignment":[100,116],"can":[101,195],"result":[102],"frequently":[104,210],"being":[107],"easily":[108],"inferred":[109],"corrupted.":[111],"Thus,":[112],"formalize":[114],"problem":[117],"under":[118,202],"both":[119,165],"element":[120,142],"addition":[121],"removal":[123],"cases":[124,139],"as":[125],"two":[126,138],"optimization":[127],"problems":[128],"prove":[130],"their":[131],"NP-hardness.":[132],"For":[133],"each":[134,141],"problem,":[135],"if":[140],"frequency":[144],"known":[146],"advance":[148],"by":[149],"maintainer":[152],"or":[153],"not,":[154],"solutions":[157],"theoretical":[159],"guarantees.":[160],"We":[161],"implement":[162],"Merkle":[166],"tree":[167],"RSA-based":[169],"ZKSM":[170,201],"evaluate":[173],"its":[174,189],"effectiveness":[177],"apply":[179],"a":[182],"ZKSMbased":[183],"application":[184],"named":[185],"zkSync":[186],"demonstrate":[188],"applicability.":[190],"Results":[191],"show":[192],"that":[193],"achieve":[196],"O(1)":[197],"time/space":[198],"situations":[204],"while":[205],"protecting":[206],"information":[208],"about":[209],"elements.":[212],"It":[213],"notably":[215],"reduces":[216],"system":[218],"latency":[219],"zkSync.":[221]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2021-07-05T00:00:00"}
