{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3133979110","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3442188.3445907","title":"Towards Cross-Lingual Generalization of Translation Gender Bias","display_name":"Towards Cross-Lingual Generalization of Translation Gender Bias","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-02-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3133979110","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3442188.3445907","mag":"3133979110"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3442188.3445907","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3442188.3445907","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3442188.3445907","source":null,"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2021 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3442188.3445907","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102984975","display_name":"Won Ik Cho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8882-9125"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Won Ik Cho","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of ECE and INMC, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of ECE and INMC, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100462890","display_name":"Jiwon Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7935-8667"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiwon Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Independent Researcher, Daegu, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Independent Researcher, Daegu, Korea","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078295563","display_name":"Jaeyeong Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4629-8493"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaeyeong Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Linguistics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Linguistics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051356511","display_name":"Nam Soo Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0568-4902"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nam Soo Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of ECE and INMC, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of ECE and INMC, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.5188,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90898105,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"449","last_page":"457"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9864000082015991,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.9864000082015991,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.747580885887146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.6576453447341919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fluency","display_name":"Fluency","score":0.6559070348739624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.6223844289779663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6054673790931702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tagalog","display_name":"Tagalog","score":0.5541375279426575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multilingualism","display_name":"Multilingualism","score":0.5298970341682434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.5108606219291687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.4338109493255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/german","display_name":"German","score":0.432186484336853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.42770203948020935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.3339260518550873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.2505931556224823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11598652601242065}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.747580885887146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6576453447341919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777413886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3276013","display_name":"Fluency","level":2,"score":0.6559070348739624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.6223844289779663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6054673790931702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779388314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34057","display_name":"Tagalog","level":2,"score":0.5541375279426575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780035574","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30081","display_name":"Multilingualism","level":2,"score":0.5298970341682434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.5108606219291687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.4338109493255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154775046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188","display_name":"German","level":2,"score":0.432186484336853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.42770203948020935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.3339260518550873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2505931556224823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11598652601242065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3442188.3445907","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3442188.3445907","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3442188.3445907","source":null,"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2021 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3442188.3445907","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3442188.3445907","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3442188.3445907","source":null,"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2021 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.6100000143051147,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7779203582","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"10076583","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321681","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321681","display_name":"Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/008nkqk13"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3133979110.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3133979110.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W38739846","https://openalex.org/W1524128662","https://openalex.org/W1968633755","https://openalex.org/W2006447892","https://openalex.org/W2041378150","https://openalex.org/W2101105183","https://openalex.org/W2143017621","https://openalex.org/W2143177362","https://openalex.org/W2250969425","https://openalex.org/W2483215953","https://openalex.org/W2539350388","https://openalex.org/W2750779823","https://openalex.org/W2775461895","https://openalex.org/W2891525068","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2920114910","https://openalex.org/W2952328691","https://openalex.org/W2953320089","https://openalex.org/W2954218767","https://openalex.org/W2962787423","https://openalex.org/W2963524349","https://openalex.org/W2963526187","https://openalex.org/W2972568911","https://openalex.org/W2972866455","https://openalex.org/W2972972637","https://openalex.org/W2986562961","https://openalex.org/W3013547323","https://openalex.org/W3034458735","https://openalex.org/W3128232076","https://openalex.org/W3197943273","https://openalex.org/W4255938879"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W171544630","https://openalex.org/W2468068997","https://openalex.org/W3212836698","https://openalex.org/W4240433226","https://openalex.org/W2128446822","https://openalex.org/W2315343956","https://openalex.org/W4237692438","https://openalex.org/W611807403","https://openalex.org/W2336826924","https://openalex.org/W1560348878"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cross-lingual":[0],"generalization":[1],"issues":[2],"for":[3,41,97],"less":[4,66],"explored":[5],"languages":[6],"have":[7],"been":[8],"broadly":[9],"tackled":[10],"in":[11],"recent":[12],"NLP":[13],"studies.":[14],"In":[15],"this":[16],"study,":[17],"we":[18,45,84],"apply":[19],"the":[20,23,37,42,56,87,93,109,118,124,138,153,162,166],"philosophy":[21],"on":[22,131],"problem":[24],"of":[25,52,71,79,89,95,120,126,155],"translation":[26,139],"gender":[27,90],"bias,":[28,44],"which":[29],"necessarily":[30,146],"involves":[31],"multilingualism":[32],"and":[33,82,92,101,105,134,141],"socio-cultural":[34],"diversity.":[35],"Beyond":[36],"conventional":[38],"evaluation":[39,65],"criteria":[40],"social":[43],"aim":[46],"to":[47,59,68],"put":[48],"together":[49],"various":[50],"aspects":[51],"linguistic":[53],"viewpoints":[54],"into":[55],"measuring":[57],"process,":[58],"create":[60],"a":[61,75],"template":[62],"that":[63,117,137,152,159],"makes":[64],"tilted":[67],"specific":[69],"types":[70],"language":[72,135,157],"pairs.":[73],"With":[74],"manually":[76],"constructed":[77],"set":[78],"content":[80],"words":[81],"template,":[83],"check":[85],"both":[86],"accuracy":[88,104,143],"inference":[91,142],"fluency":[94,140],"translation,":[96],"German,":[98],"Korean,":[99],"Portuguese,":[100],"Tagalog.":[102],"Inference":[103],"disparate":[106],"impact,":[107],"namely":[108],"biasedness":[110],"factors":[111],"associated":[112],"with":[113],"each":[114,132],"other,":[115],"show":[116],"failure":[119],"bias":[121,167],"mitigation":[122],"threatens":[123],"delicacy":[125],"translation.":[127],"Furthermore,":[128],"our":[129],"analyses":[130],"system":[133],"indicate":[136],"are":[144],"not":[145],"correlated.":[147],"The":[148],"results":[149],"implicitly":[150],"suggest":[151],"amount":[154],"available":[156],"resources":[158],"boost":[160],"up":[161],"performance":[163],"might":[164],"amplify":[165],"cross-linguistically.":[168]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-12T08:23:45.883708","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}