{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3162772946","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3411764.3445050","title":"The Image of the Interface: How People Use Landmarks to Develop Spatial Memory of Commands in Graphical Interfaces","display_name":"The Image of the Interface: How People Use Landmarks to Develop Spatial Memory of Commands in Graphical Interfaces","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-05-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3162772946","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3411764.3445050","mag":"3162772946"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3411764.3445050","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3411764.3445050","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014348798","display_name":"Md. Sami Uddin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8354-2320"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32625721","display_name":"University of Saskatchewan","ror":"https://ror.org/010x8gc63","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32625721"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Md. Sami Uddin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science, University of Saskatchewan, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, University of Saskatchewan, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32625721"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081930058","display_name":"Carl Gutwin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4470-9495"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32625721","display_name":"University of Saskatchewan","ror":"https://ror.org/010x8gc63","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32625721"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carl Gutwin","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Saskatchewan, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Saskatchewan, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32625721"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5014348798"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32625721"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9299,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73899578,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"17"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11904","display_name":"Spatial Cognition and Navigation","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11904","display_name":"Spatial Cognition and Navigation","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10789","display_name":"Interactive and Immersive Displays","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10470","display_name":"Usability and User Interface Design","score":0.9955000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7722353935241699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interface","display_name":"Interface (matter)","score":0.721860408782959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.7034890055656433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graphical-user-interface","display_name":"Graphical user interface","score":0.6785672307014465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.5014443397521973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/user-interface","display_name":"User interface","score":0.46841683983802795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.3697776794433594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.11077195405960083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.06237909197807312}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7722353935241699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113843644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882","display_name":"Interface (matter)","level":4,"score":0.721860408782959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.7034890055656433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37789001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q782543","display_name":"Graphical user interface","level":2,"score":0.6785672307014465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.5014443397521973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89505385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47146","display_name":"User interface","level":2,"score":0.46841683983802795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.3697776794433594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.11077195405960083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.06237909197807312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129307140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6795880","display_name":"Maximum bubble pressure method","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157915830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2928001","display_name":"Bubble","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3411764.3445050","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3411764.3445050","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.5}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":77,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W172413490","https://openalex.org/W1493740977","https://openalex.org/W1519358585","https://openalex.org/W1530109122","https://openalex.org/W1544772936","https://openalex.org/W1571144263","https://openalex.org/W1601395896","https://openalex.org/W1615506555","https://openalex.org/W1629717188","https://openalex.org/W1889619166","https://openalex.org/W1979290264","https://openalex.org/W1982451263","https://openalex.org/W1986841213","https://openalex.org/W1989016101","https://openalex.org/W1990451873","https://openalex.org/W1999538864","https://openalex.org/W1999555653","https://openalex.org/W2000214310","https://openalex.org/W2016753916","https://openalex.org/W2022872918","https://openalex.org/W2031132359","https://openalex.org/W2032503839","https://openalex.org/W2039039191","https://openalex.org/W2043150039","https://openalex.org/W2046067602","https://openalex.org/W2057331631","https://openalex.org/W2058233613","https://openalex.org/W2060696172","https://openalex.org/W2063631371","https://openalex.org/W2067534690","https://openalex.org/W2069324208","https://openalex.org/W2071018821","https://openalex.org/W2086092883","https://openalex.org/W2093034706","https://openalex.org/W2095385904","https://openalex.org/W2095753442","https://openalex.org/W2105123831","https://openalex.org/W2108525416","https://openalex.org/W2112404266","https://openalex.org/W2113142330","https://openalex.org/W2113725822","https://openalex.org/W2127555702","https://openalex.org/W2129381380","https://openalex.org/W2129660502","https://openalex.org/W2129896776","https://openalex.org/W2130968124","https://openalex.org/W2133495565","https://openalex.org/W2155068847","https://openalex.org/W2164620969","https://openalex.org/W2166565937","https://openalex.org/W2168989027","https://openalex.org/W2169229156","https://openalex.org/W2325208502","https://openalex.org/W2345791139","https://openalex.org/W2395443153","https://openalex.org/W2399074742","https://openalex.org/W2550742305","https://openalex.org/W2559504754","https://openalex.org/W2611043797","https://openalex.org/W2611915649","https://openalex.org/W2760875302","https://openalex.org/W2787255845","https://openalex.org/W2795728318","https://openalex.org/W2804516334","https://openalex.org/W2807224869","https://openalex.org/W2888194409","https://openalex.org/W2889950291","https://openalex.org/W2894585612","https://openalex.org/W2940769578","https://openalex.org/W2941483677","https://openalex.org/W2942028982","https://openalex.org/W2950504429","https://openalex.org/W2953391021","https://openalex.org/W4236512010","https://openalex.org/W4248191435","https://openalex.org/W4253420528","https://openalex.org/W4253698222"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3180179400","https://openalex.org/W2118366689","https://openalex.org/W2154998455","https://openalex.org/W2116888309","https://openalex.org/W1649706580","https://openalex.org/W2477652530","https://openalex.org/W2039055059","https://openalex.org/W3195608031","https://openalex.org/W2381088774","https://openalex.org/W963721989"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Graphical":[0],"User":[1],"Interfaces":[2],"present":[3],"commands":[4,96],"at":[5],"particular":[6],"locations,":[7],"arranged":[8],"in":[9,78,99,121],"menus,":[10],"toolbars,":[11],"and":[12,37,97,106,127,132,145,151],"ribbons.":[13],"One":[14,69],"hallmark":[15],"of":[16,27,70,159],"expertise":[17,146],"with":[18,148],"a":[19,89],"GUI":[20],"is":[21,50,82],"that":[22,31,74,111,117,139],"experts":[23],"know":[24],"the":[25,71,79,122,157],"locations":[26,77],"commonly-used":[28],"commands,":[29],"such":[30],"they":[32],"can":[33,64,141],"find":[34],"them":[35],"quickly":[36],"without":[38],"searching.":[39],"Although":[40],"GUIs":[41],"have":[42],"been":[43],"studied":[44],"for":[45,153],"many":[46],"years,":[47],"however,":[48],"there":[49],"still":[51],"little":[52],"known":[53],"about":[54],"how":[55,62,93],"this":[56],"spatial":[57,143],"location":[58],"memory":[59,144],"develops,":[60],"or":[61],"designers":[63,154],"make":[65],"interfaces":[66],"more":[67],"memorable.":[68],"main":[72],"ways":[73],"people":[75,112],"remember":[76,95,133],"real":[80],"world":[81],"landmarks":[83,116,140],"\u2013":[84],"so":[85],"we":[86],"carried":[87],"out":[88],"study":[90,109],"to":[91,129,155],"investigate":[92],"users":[94],"navigate":[98],"four":[100],"common":[101],"applications":[102],"(Word,":[103],"Facebook,":[104],"Reader,":[105],"Photoshop).":[107],"Our":[108],"revealed":[110],"strongly":[113],"rely":[114],"on":[115],"are":[118],"readily":[119],"available":[120],"interface":[123],"(e.g.,":[124],"layout,":[125],"corners,":[126],"edges)":[128],"orient":[130],"themselves":[131],"commands.":[134],"We":[135],"provide":[136],"new":[137],"evidence":[138],"aid":[142],"development":[147],"an":[149],"interface,":[150],"guidelines":[152],"improve":[156],"memorability":[158],"future":[160],"GUIs.":[161]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-14T08:04:32.555800","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}