{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3005484809","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3372422.3373592","title":"Cyberbullying Detection Using Deep Learning and Word Embeddings","display_name":"Cyberbullying Detection Using Deep Learning and Word Embeddings","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-11-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3005484809","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3372422.3373592","mag":"3005484809"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3372422.3373592","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3372422.3373592","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2019 2nd International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030423299","display_name":"Mohammed Al-Hashedi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173029219","display_name":"Multimedia University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zrbnc33","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mohammed Al-Hashedi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Multimedia University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Multimedia University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069570912","display_name":"Lay-Ki Soon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8072-242X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11662577","display_name":"Monash University Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/00yncr324","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11662577"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lay-Ki Soon","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Technology, Monash University Malaysia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Technology, Monash University Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11662577"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091151537","display_name":"Hui-Ngo Goh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3585-1425"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173029219","display_name":"Multimedia University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zrbnc33","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hui-Ngo Goh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Multimedia University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Multimedia University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5030423299"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.8777,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":33,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89710208,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"17","last_page":"21"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10485","display_name":"Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression","score":0.9433000087738037,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9430999755859375,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8340287208557129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word2vec","display_name":"Word2vec","score":0.7709693312644958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.7178789377212524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6658819913864136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5794780254364014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.570671796798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word-embedding","display_name":"Word embedding","score":0.5355591177940369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5262419581413269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4695136249065399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.4451283812522888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3827187418937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08369538187980652}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8340287208557129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776461190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22673982","display_name":"Word2vec","level":3,"score":0.7709693312644958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.7178789377212524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6658819913864136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5794780254364014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.570671796798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777462759","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18395344","display_name":"Word embedding","level":3,"score":0.5355591177940369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5262419581413269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4695136249065399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.4451283812522888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3827187418937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08369538187980652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3372422.3373592","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3372422.3373592","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2019 2nd International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:shdl.mmu.edu.my:9558","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196753","display_name":"Siti Hasmah Digital Library-MMU Institutiona Repository (Multimedia University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I173029219","host_organization_name":"Multimedia University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"NonPeerReviewed"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.5299999713897705}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W577514946","https://openalex.org/W1619992285","https://openalex.org/W1832693441","https://openalex.org/W2034757259","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2095705004","https://openalex.org/W2104933073","https://openalex.org/W2142423963","https://openalex.org/W2153579005","https://openalex.org/W2212703438","https://openalex.org/W2250539671","https://openalex.org/W2300605907","https://openalex.org/W2425544898","https://openalex.org/W2559655401","https://openalex.org/W2604272474","https://openalex.org/W2793209823","https://openalex.org/W2904937466","https://openalex.org/W2904986970","https://openalex.org/W2950635152","https://openalex.org/W2962739339","https://openalex.org/W2962797668","https://openalex.org/W3084981697","https://openalex.org/W4239371133"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2946409105","https://openalex.org/W2905749112","https://openalex.org/W3152932816","https://openalex.org/W2985392712","https://openalex.org/W4388996947","https://openalex.org/W3133567596","https://openalex.org/W3099354896","https://openalex.org/W4287599800","https://openalex.org/W3046869600","https://openalex.org/W2890749918"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cyberbullying":[0],"detection":[1],"has":[2],"become":[3],"a":[4],"pressing":[5],"need":[6],"in":[7,50,137,161,192],"Internet":[8],"usage":[9],"governance":[10],"due":[11],"to":[12,21,36],"its":[13],"harmful":[14],"consequences.":[15],"Different":[16],"approaches":[17],"have":[18],"been":[19],"proposed":[20],"tackle":[22],"this":[23,29],"problem,":[24],"including":[25,68,88],"deep":[26,43,55],"learning.":[27],"In":[28],"paper,":[30],"an":[31],"empirical":[32],"study":[33],"is":[34,146],"conducted":[35],"evaluate":[37],"the":[38,73,104,111,151,168,181],"effectiveness":[39],"and":[40,63,92],"efficiency":[41,142],"of":[42,97,110,113,143,163,183,189],"learning":[44,56],"algorithms,":[45],"coupled":[46],"with":[47,135],"word":[48,83,98,105,115,184],"embeddings":[49,84,116,185],"detecting":[51,138],"cyberbullying":[52,139,193],"texts.":[53,140],"Three":[54],"algorithms":[57],"were":[58,70,86,177],"experimented,":[59],"namely":[60],"GRU,":[61],"LSTM":[62],"BLSTM.":[64],"Data":[65],"pre-processing":[66],"steps,":[67],"oversampling":[69],"performed":[71],"on":[72,167,171,187],"selected":[74],"social":[75],"media":[76],"datasets.":[77],"For":[78,118],"feature":[79],"representations,":[80],"four":[81],"different":[82],"models":[85,186],"explored,":[87],"word2vec,":[89],"GloVe,":[90],"Reddit":[91],"ELMO":[93,136],"models.":[94,117],"Elmo":[95],"cares":[96],"context":[99],"by":[100,149],"capturing":[101],"information":[102],"from":[103],"surroundings":[106],"which":[107,179],"eliminates":[108],"some":[109],"shortcomings":[112],"pre-trained":[114],"more":[119],"accurate":[120],"results,":[121],"10-fold":[122],"cross-validation":[123],"technique":[124],"was":[125],"implemented.":[126],"The":[127,141],"experimental":[128],"results":[129],"show":[130],"that":[131],"BLSTM":[132],"performs":[133],"best":[134],"each":[144,157],"model":[145],"also":[147],"measured":[148],"calculating":[150],"average":[152],"time":[153,164],"taken":[154],"for":[155],"training":[156],"model.":[158],"GRU":[159,190],"outperforms":[160],"terms":[162],"efficiency.":[165],"Based":[166],"analysis":[169],"done":[170],"false":[172],"negative":[173],"cases,":[174],"three":[175],"observations":[176],"made,":[178],"highlight":[180],"limitations":[182],"top":[188],"algorithm":[191],"detection.":[194]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-03-05T09:29:38.588285","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}