{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3095549427","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3372297.3417272","title":"QuantumHammer","display_name":"QuantumHammer","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-10-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3095549427","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3372297.3417272","mag":"3095549427"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3372297.3417272","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3372297.3417272","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2020 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082629614","display_name":"Koksal Mus","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107077323","display_name":"Worcester Polytechnic Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05ejpqr48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Koksal Mus","raw_affiliation_strings":["Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101492610","display_name":"Saad Islam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2910-2380"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107077323","display_name":"Worcester Polytechnic Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05ejpqr48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saad Islam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066592325","display_name":"Berk Sunar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5404-5368"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107077323","display_name":"Worcester Polytechnic Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05ejpqr48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Berk Sunar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.7603,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88304144,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1071","last_page":"1084"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6938827037811279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nist","display_name":"NIST","score":0.6399903297424316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.6045151948928833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptanalysis","display_name":"Cryptanalysis","score":0.5883025527000427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/timing-attack","display_name":"Timing attack","score":0.5762518048286438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5284538269042969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.5265191793441772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracing","display_name":"Tracing","score":0.4815376400947571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-key-cryptography","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","score":0.4612182080745697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.4509054720401764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3794448673725128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/side-channel-attack","display_name":"Side channel attack","score":0.370769202709198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.3424089848995209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.29251497983932495}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6938827037811279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111219384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6954384","display_name":"NIST","level":2,"score":0.6399903297424316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.6045151948928833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181149355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q897511","display_name":"Cryptanalysis","level":3,"score":0.5883025527000427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28420585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2665075","display_name":"Timing attack","level":4,"score":0.5762518048286438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5284538269042969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.5265191793441772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138673069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q322229","display_name":"Tracing","level":2,"score":0.4815376400947571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203062551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201339","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","level":3,"score":0.4612182080745697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.4509054720401764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3794448673725128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49289754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2267081","display_name":"Side channel attack","level":3,"score":0.370769202709198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.3424089848995209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.29251497983932495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3372297.3417272","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3372297.3417272","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2020 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","score":0.4300000071525574}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1545286522","https://openalex.org/W1548701190","https://openalex.org/W1580900067","https://openalex.org/W1605357604","https://openalex.org/W1618496890","https://openalex.org/W1628272610","https://openalex.org/W2054482077","https://openalex.org/W2113999696","https://openalex.org/W2163563130","https://openalex.org/W2169194339","https://openalex.org/W2484307001","https://openalex.org/W2537014044","https://openalex.org/W2560054270","https://openalex.org/W2752929869","https://openalex.org/W2765407482","https://openalex.org/W2765784230","https://openalex.org/W2792220042","https://openalex.org/W2799470819","https://openalex.org/W2898218073","https://openalex.org/W2899031083","https://openalex.org/W2911561027","https://openalex.org/W2921053303","https://openalex.org/W2921595925","https://openalex.org/W2941386962","https://openalex.org/W2943332110","https://openalex.org/W2944971662","https://openalex.org/W2950188425","https://openalex.org/W2952103618","https://openalex.org/W2962726564","https://openalex.org/W2972538228","https://openalex.org/W2974891422","https://openalex.org/W3005074981"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1971956962","https://openalex.org/W2188560665","https://openalex.org/W2887442533","https://openalex.org/W3028997939","https://openalex.org/W4297042454","https://openalex.org/W3028997697","https://openalex.org/W3008088605","https://openalex.org/W3192308411","https://openalex.org/W1553510179","https://openalex.org/W4387031668"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Post-quantum":[0],"schemes":[1,8,58,101],"are":[2,59],"expected":[3],"to":[4,106,110,188,299],"replace":[5],"existing":[6],"public-key":[7],"within":[9],"a":[10,31,89,130,157,162,171,204],"decade":[11],"in":[12,42,51,69,92,145,213,305],"billions":[13],"of":[14,38,77,118,142,148,159,218,224,259],"devices.":[15],"To":[16],"facilitate":[17],"the":[18,20,39,48,54,62,93,116,139,149,211,214,222,227,242],"transition,":[19],"US":[21],"National":[22],"Institute":[23],"for":[24,226],"Standards":[25],"and":[26,56,64,82,115,135,170,173,206,220,270,294],"Technology":[27],"(NIST)":[28],"is":[29,36,88,98,125,156,267],"running":[30],"standardization":[32],"process.":[33],"Multivariate":[34],"signatures":[35,190],"one":[37],"main":[40],"categories":[41],"NIST's":[43],"post-quantum":[44,100,151],"cryptography":[45],"competition.":[46,94,152],"Among":[47],"four":[49],"candidates":[50],"this":[52,124],"category,":[53],"LUOV":[55,143,219,248],"Rainbow":[57],"based":[60],"on":[61,138,247],"Oil":[63],"Vinegar":[65],"scheme,":[66],"first":[67,243],"introduced":[68],"1997":[70],"which":[71,209],"has":[72],"withstood":[73],"over":[74],"two":[75,160],"decades":[76],"cryptanalysis.":[78],"Beyond":[79],"mathematical":[80],"security":[81,84],"efficiency,":[83],"against":[85],"side-channel":[86],"attacks":[87,108],"major":[90],"concern":[91],"The":[95,153,264],"current":[96],"sentiment":[97],"that":[99,123,176],"may":[102],"be":[103,273,297],"more":[104,230],"resistant":[105],"fault-injection":[107],"due":[109],"their":[111],"large":[112],"key":[113,198,215,229,234,252],"sizes":[114],"lack":[117],"algebraic":[119],"structure.":[120],"We":[121,128,202,239],"show":[122],"not":[126,282],"true.":[127],"introduce":[129],"novel":[131],"hybrid":[132],"attack,":[133,194],"QuantumHammer,":[134],"demonstrate":[136],"it":[137],"constant-time":[140],"implementation":[141],"currently":[144],"Round":[146],"2":[147],"NIST":[150],"QuantumHammer":[154,280],"attack":[155,164,175,208,246],"combination":[158],"attacks,":[161],"bit-tracing":[163,178],"enabled":[165],"via":[166,237],"Rowhammer":[167,193,262],"fault":[168],"injection":[169],"divide":[172,205],"conquer":[174,207],"uses":[177],"as":[179],"an":[180,184,260],"oracle.":[181],"Using":[182],"bit-tracing,":[183],"attacker":[185],"with":[186,232,254],"access":[187],"faulty":[189],"collected":[191],"using":[192,277],"can":[195,272,296],"recover":[196],"secret":[197,228],"bits":[199,235,253],"albeit":[200],"slowly.":[201],"employ":[203],"exploits":[210],"structure":[212],"generation":[216],"part":[217,266],"solves":[221],"system":[223],"equations":[225],"efficiently":[231],"few":[233],"recovered":[236],"bit-tracing.":[238],"have":[240],"demonstrated":[241],"successful":[244],"in-the-wild":[245],"recovering":[249],"all":[250],"11K":[251],"less":[255],"than":[256],"4":[257],"hours":[258],"active":[261],"attack.":[263],"post-processing":[265],"highly":[268],"parallel":[269],"thus":[271],"trivially":[274],"sped":[275],"up":[276],"modest":[278],"resources.":[279],"does":[281],"make":[283],"any":[284],"unrealistic":[285],"assumptions,":[286],"only":[287],"requires":[288],"software":[289],"co-location":[290],"(no":[291],"physical":[292],"access),":[293],"therefore":[295],"used":[298],"target":[300],"shared":[301],"cloud":[302],"servers":[303],"or":[304],"other":[306],"sandboxed":[307],"environments.":[308]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2020-11-09T00:00:00"}