{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2982138961","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3361566","title":"DeepXplore","display_name":"DeepXplore","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-10-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2982138961","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3361566","mag":"2982138961"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3361566","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3361566","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S103482838","display_name":"Communications of the ACM","issn_l":"0001-0782","issn":["0001-0782","1557-7317"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Communications of the ACM","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007048525","display_name":"Kexin Pei","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kexin Pei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Columbia University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Columbia University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070605476","display_name":"Yinzhi Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9618-4830"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yinzhi Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Johns Hopkins University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Johns Hopkins University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101783316","display_name":"Junfeng Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7771-0260"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junfeng Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Columbia University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Columbia University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016425387","display_name":"Suman Jana","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9850-2169"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Suman Jana","raw_affiliation_strings":["Columbia University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Columbia University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5007048525"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.9447,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":140,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97892781,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"62","issue":"11","first_page":"137","last_page":"145"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.993399977684021,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.852703332901001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laptop","display_name":"Laptop","score":0.6985385417938232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correctness","display_name":"Correctness","score":0.6874461770057678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.6320397853851318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware","display_name":"Malware","score":0.5845319628715515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/guard","display_name":"Guard (computer science)","score":0.5540289282798767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4900308847427368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4457271993160248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.43949973583221436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.33845818042755127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.17694351077079773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.17039459943771362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.13066741824150085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.11462080478668213}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.852703332901001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780008327","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3962","display_name":"Laptop","level":2,"score":0.6985385417938232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55439883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360812","display_name":"Correctness","level":2,"score":0.6874461770057678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.6320397853851318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.5845319628715515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141141315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2379942","display_name":"Guard (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.5540289282798767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4900308847427368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4457271993160248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.43949973583221436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.33845818042755127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.17694351077079773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.17039459943771362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.13066741824150085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.11462080478668213}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3361566","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3361566","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S103482838","display_name":"Communications of the ACM","issn_l":"0001-0782","issn":["0001-0782","1557-7317"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Communications of the ACM","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1976919795","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2252814878","https://openalex.org/W2565186948","https://openalex.org/W2594877703","https://openalex.org/W2744095836","https://openalex.org/W2963327228","https://openalex.org/W4212774754","https://openalex.org/W4240805545"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2045444909","https://openalex.org/W3153292769","https://openalex.org/W1516398359","https://openalex.org/W3008339103","https://openalex.org/W1901656956","https://openalex.org/W4239210160","https://openalex.org/W2941659365","https://openalex.org/W2376300433","https://openalex.org/W2404647514","https://openalex.org/W4242605858"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deep":[0],"learning":[1],"(DL)":[2],"systems":[3,94,113],"are":[4,32],"increasingly":[5],"deployed":[6],"in":[7,162],"safety-":[8],"and":[9,16,22,45,59,120,133,156,178],"security-critical":[10],"domains":[11],"such":[12,175],"as":[13,98,128,159,176],"self-driving":[14,150,180],"cars":[15,151],"malware":[17,157],"detection,":[18],"where":[19],"the":[20,62,79,212,224,230],"correctness":[21],"predictability":[23],"of":[24,33,81,144,168],"a":[25,82,129,205],"system's":[26],"behavior":[27,197],"for":[28,53,66,77,111],"corner":[29,146],"case":[30,147],"inputs":[31,110,214],"great":[34],"importance.":[35],"Existing":[36],"DL":[37,70,83,93,112,164,186,226],"testing":[38,68],"depends":[39],"heavily":[40],"on":[41,171,188,204],"manually":[42],"labeled":[43],"data":[44],"therefore":[46],"often":[47],"fails":[48],"to":[49,101,222,228,235],"expose":[50],"erroneous":[51],"behaviors":[52,119,148],"rare":[54],"inputs.":[55,88],"We":[56,208],"design,":[57],"implement,":[58],"evaluate":[60],"DeepXplore,":[61],"first":[63],"white-box":[64],"framework":[65],"systematically":[67],"real-world":[69],"systems.":[71],"First,":[72],"we":[73,90,106],"introduce":[74],"neuron":[75,123],"coverage":[76,124],"measuring":[78],"parts":[80],"system":[84],"exercised":[85],"by":[86,216,233],"test":[87,193,213],"Next,":[89],"leverage":[91],"multiple":[92],"with":[95,166],"similar":[96],"functionality":[97],"cross-referencing":[99],"oracles":[100],"avoid":[102],"manual":[103],"checking.":[104],"Finally,":[105],"demonstrate":[107],"how":[108],"finding":[109],"that":[114,211],"both":[115],"trigger":[116],"many":[117],"differential":[118],"achieve":[121],"high":[122],"can":[125,218],"be":[126,220],"represented":[127],"joint":[130],"optimization":[131],"problem":[132],"solved":[134],"efficiently":[135,141],"using":[136],"gradient-based":[137],"search":[138],"techniques.":[139],"DeepXplore":[140,190,217],"finds":[142],"thousands":[143,167],"incorrect":[145,196],"(e.g.,":[149],"crashing":[152],"into":[153],"guard":[154],"rails":[155],"masquerading":[158],"benign":[160],"software)":[161],"state-of-the-art":[163],"models":[165],"neurons":[169],"trained":[170],"five":[172],"popular":[173],"datasets":[174],"ImageNet":[177],"Udacity":[179],"challenge":[181],"data.":[182],"For":[183],"all":[184],"tested":[185],"models,":[187],"average,":[189],"generated":[191,215],"one":[192,199],"input":[194],"demonstrating":[195],"within":[198],"second":[200],"while":[201],"running":[202],"only":[203],"commodity":[206],"laptop.":[207],"further":[209],"show":[210],"also":[219],"used":[221],"retrain":[223],"corresponding":[225],"model":[227],"improve":[229],"model's":[231],"accuracy":[232],"up":[234],"3%.":[236]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-03-03T08:47:05.690250","created_date":"2019-11-01T00:00:00"}