{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2571941414","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3304181.3304216","title":"Immersion, presence and performance in virtual environments","display_name":"Immersion, presence and performance in virtual environments","publication_year":1996,"publication_date":"1996-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2571941414","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3304181.3304216","mag":"2571941414"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3304181.3304216","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3304181.3304216","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology - VRST '96","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073802250","display_name":"Mel Slater","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6223-0050"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mel Slater","raw_affiliation_strings":["University College London, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University College London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031323099","display_name":"Vasilis Linakis","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166337079","display_name":"Queen Mary University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/026zzn846","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I166337079"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vasilis Linakis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Queen Mary and Westfield College, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Queen Mary and Westfield College, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166337079"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030296019","display_name":"Martin Usoh","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martin Usoh","raw_affiliation_strings":["University College London, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University College London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025183449","display_name":"Rob Kooper","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5781-7287"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rob Kooper","raw_affiliation_strings":["Georgia Institute of Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgia Institute of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5073802250"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.6999,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":394,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92250923,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"163","last_page":"172"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10813","display_name":"Sport Psychology and Performance","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10427","display_name":"Visual perception and processing mechanisms","score":0.9715999960899353,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/endocentric-and-exocentric","display_name":"Endocentric and exocentric","score":0.930941104888916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immersion","display_name":"Immersion (mathematics)","score":0.8972543478012085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5988351106643677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.5863785147666931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-machine","display_name":"Virtual machine","score":0.5778734683990479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-reality","display_name":"Virtual reality","score":0.44046854972839355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.305986225605011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.09707063436508179}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131042201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q493198","display_name":"Endocentric and exocentric","level":4,"score":0.930941104888916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199068039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574523","display_name":"Immersion (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.8972543478012085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5988351106643677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.5863785147666931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25344961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192726","display_name":"Virtual machine","level":2,"score":0.5778734683990479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194969405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual reality","level":2,"score":0.44046854972839355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.305986225605011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09707063436508179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153962237","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1401131","display_name":"Noun phrase","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121934690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1084","display_name":"Noun","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3304181.3304216","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3304181.3304216","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology - VRST '96","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310094","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W104998059","https://openalex.org/W140158311","https://openalex.org/W142950298","https://openalex.org/W1513594946","https://openalex.org/W1572954665","https://openalex.org/W1586856071","https://openalex.org/W1998284588","https://openalex.org/W2000005704","https://openalex.org/W2012986850","https://openalex.org/W2031144777","https://openalex.org/W2032207984","https://openalex.org/W2040518277","https://openalex.org/W2051205471","https://openalex.org/W2082102453","https://openalex.org/W2136757566","https://openalex.org/W2175951718","https://openalex.org/W2271727739","https://openalex.org/W4241622394","https://openalex.org/W4246123534"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2378132701","https://openalex.org/W3000714840","https://openalex.org/W2571941414","https://openalex.org/W2902011785","https://openalex.org/W2499924112","https://openalex.org/W2017424540","https://openalex.org/W3178192039","https://openalex.org/W2974872513","https://openalex.org/W3115224380","https://openalex.org/W3211501801"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1,151],"describes":[2],"an":[3],"experiment":[4,166],"to":[5,25,52,122,154],"assess":[6],"the":[7,32,90,99,127,135,156,165],"influence":[8],"of":[9,34,40,57,60,72,105,109],"immersion":[10,61],"on":[11,27],"performance":[12,142],"in":[13,43,89,98],"immersive":[14],"virtual":[15,45,110],"environments.":[16],"The":[17,77,150],"task":[18],"involved":[19],"Tri-Dimensional":[20],"Chess,":[21],"and":[22,65,69,75,87,107,115,161,163],"required":[23],"subjects":[24,49,82],"reproduce":[26],"a":[28,38,44,53,169],"real":[29],"chess":[30],"board":[31,35],"state":[33],"learned":[36],"from":[37],"sequence":[39],"moves":[41,136],"witnessed":[42],"environment.":[46,102],"Twenty":[47],"four":[48],"were":[50,112],"allocated":[51],"factorial":[54],"design":[55],"consisting":[56],"two":[58,70],"levels":[59],"(exocentric":[62],"screen":[63],"based,":[64],"egocentric":[66,81],"HMD":[67],"based),":[68],"kinds":[71],"environment":[73,93],"(plain":[74],"realistic).":[76],"results":[78],"suggest":[79],"that":[80],"performed":[83,94],"better":[84,95,137],"than":[85,96,138],"exocentric,":[86],"those":[88,97],"more":[91],"realistic":[92,101],"less":[100],"Previous":[103],"knowledge":[104],"chess,":[106],"amount":[108],"practice":[111],"also":[113,152],"significant,":[114],"may":[116],"be":[117],"considered":[118],"as":[119],"control":[120],"variables":[121],"equalise":[123],"these":[124],"factors":[125],"amongst":[126],"subjects.":[128],"Other":[129],"things":[130],"being":[131],"equal,":[132],"males":[133],"remembered":[134],"females,":[139],"although":[140],"female":[141],"improved":[143],"with":[144],"higher":[145],"spatial":[146],"ability":[147],"test":[148],"score.":[149],"attempts":[153],"clarify":[155],"relationship":[157],"between":[158],"immersion,":[159],"presence":[160],"performance,":[162],"locates":[164],"within":[167],"such":[168],"theoretical":[170],"framework.":[171]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":14}],"updated_date":"2026-05-13T08:25:38.343686","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}