{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2909244445","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3278721.3278728","title":"Towards Provably Moral AI Agents in Bottom-up Learning Frameworks","display_name":"Towards Provably Moral AI Agents in Bottom-up Learning Frameworks","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-12-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2909244445","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3278721.3278728","mag":"2909244445"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3278721.3278728","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3278721.3278728","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2018 AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047276016","display_name":"Nolan Peter Shaw","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4576-5504"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nolan P. Shaw","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022641930","display_name":"Andreas St\u00f6ckel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5965-4541"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andreas St\u00f6ckel","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082185974","display_name":"Ryan W. Orr","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ryan W. Orr","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087296133","display_name":"Thomas Lidbetter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6111-2899"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas F. Lidbetter","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102708800","display_name":"Robin Cohen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5958-3955"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robin Cohen","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5208,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87530494,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"271","last_page":"277"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9918000102043152,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6604660749435425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/top-down-and-bottom-up-design","display_name":"Top-down and bottom-up design","score":0.4369274973869324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.42203444242477417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-science","display_name":"Cognitive science","score":0.3854596018791199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.2244139313697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.10780256986618042}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6604660749435425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135798126","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2167279","display_name":"Top-down and bottom-up design","level":2,"score":0.4369274973869324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.42203444242477417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.3854596018791199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.2244139313697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.10780256986618042}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3278721.3278728","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3278721.3278728","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2018 AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8299999833106995,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W259068780","https://openalex.org/W607505555","https://openalex.org/W1603212622","https://openalex.org/W1736675131","https://openalex.org/W2019363670","https://openalex.org/W2102184039","https://openalex.org/W2142248489","https://openalex.org/W2147539438","https://openalex.org/W2151554678","https://openalex.org/W2495187706","https://openalex.org/W2511261638","https://openalex.org/W3105432754","https://openalex.org/W4238893454","https://openalex.org/W4253603732","https://openalex.org/W4254126685","https://openalex.org/W6792575390"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3107474891","https://openalex.org/W1987058953","https://openalex.org/W2955560448","https://openalex.org/W2119453218","https://openalex.org/W1498222248","https://openalex.org/W4247047556","https://openalex.org/W2158983298","https://openalex.org/W2121287440","https://openalex.org/W1965562082","https://openalex.org/W2091217615"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,63,88,145],"examine":[1],"moral":[2,18,96,115],"machine":[3,26,48,163],"decision":[4],"making":[5],"as":[6,75],"inspired":[7],"by":[8,13],"a":[9,32,47,50,76,118,139,148],"central":[10],"question":[11],"posed":[12],"Rossi":[14],"with":[15,206],"respect":[16],"to":[17,35,55,71,101,113,131,138,142,203],"preferences:":[19],"can":[20,105],"AI":[21,176],"systems":[22],"based":[23],"on":[24,190],"statistical":[25],"learning":[27,164,194],"(which":[28],"do":[29],"not":[30],"provide":[31],"natural":[33],"way":[34,51],"explain":[36,147],"or":[37],"justify":[38],"their":[39],"decisions)":[40],"be":[41],"used":[42],"for":[43,65,94,173,199],"embedding":[44],"morality":[45],"into":[46],"in":[49,197],"that":[52,57,82,107,133],"allows":[53],"us":[54,130],"prove":[56,106],"nothing":[58],"morally":[59,205],"wrong":[60],"will":[61,110],"happen?":[62],"argue":[64],"an":[66,108,171,200],"evaluation":[67],"which":[68],"is":[69,85,195],"held":[70],"the":[72,80,134,156,162,180],"same":[73],"standards":[74],"human":[77],"agent,":[78],"removing":[79],"demand":[81],"ethical":[83,175],"behaviour":[84],"always":[86],"achieved.":[87],"introduce":[89],"four":[90],"key":[91],"meta-qualities":[92],"desired":[93],"our":[95],"standards,":[97],"and":[98,186],"then":[99],"proceed":[100],"clarify":[102],"how":[103,192],"we":[104],"agent":[109,202],"correctly":[111],"learn":[112],"perform":[114],"actions":[116],"given":[117],"set":[119],"of":[120,158,182],"samples":[121],"within":[122],"certain":[123],"error":[124],"bounds.":[125],"Our":[126],"group-dynamic":[127],"approach":[128,172],"enables":[129],"demonstrate":[132],"learned":[135],"models":[136],"converge":[137],"common":[140],"function":[141],"achieve":[143],"stability.":[144],"further":[146],"valuable":[149],"intrinsic":[150],"consistency":[151],"check":[152],"made":[153],"possible":[154],"through":[155],"derivation":[157],"logical":[159],"statements":[160],"from":[161,179],"model.":[165],"In":[166],"all,":[167],"this":[168],"work":[169],"proposes":[170],"building":[174],"systems,":[177],"coming":[178],"perspective":[181],"artificial":[183],"intelligence":[184],"research,":[185],"sheds":[187],"important":[188],"light":[189],"understanding":[191],"much":[193],"required":[196],"order":[198],"intelligent":[201],"behave":[204],"negligible":[207],"error.":[208]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}