{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2799052418","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3192366.3192408","title":"PMAF: an algebraic framework for static analysis of probabilistic programs","display_name":"PMAF: an algebraic framework for static analysis of probabilistic programs","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-06-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2799052418","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3192366.3192408","mag":"2799052418"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3192366.3192408","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3192366.3192408","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 39th ACM SIGPLAN Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100401412","display_name":"Di Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2418-7987"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Di Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101496943","display_name":"Jan Hoffmann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8326-0788"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jan Hoffmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066155126","display_name":"Thomas Reps","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5676-9949"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135696","display_name":"GrammaTech (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03mwfxd89","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210135696"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Reps","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Wisconsin, USA / GrammaTech, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Wisconsin, USA / GrammaTech, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135696"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100401412"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.7021,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":33,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95718563,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"513","last_page":"528"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10142","display_name":"Formal Methods in Verification","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.830260694026947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.7203895449638367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-flow","display_name":"Control flow","score":0.6700919270515442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correctness","display_name":"Correctness","score":0.6158660650253296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-flow-graph","display_name":"Control flow graph","score":0.6134446263313293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/program-analysis","display_name":"Program analysis","score":0.5552202463150024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.5256558656692505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/static-analysis","display_name":"Static analysis","score":0.5042263269424438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.5008494853973389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-chain","display_name":"Markov chain","score":0.4266259968280792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/static-program-analysis","display_name":"Static program analysis","score":0.4178640842437744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.18614965677261353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.16667896509170532}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.830260694026947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.7203895449638367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160191386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q868299","display_name":"Control flow","level":2,"score":0.6700919270515442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55439883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360812","display_name":"Correctness","level":2,"score":0.6158660650253296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27458966","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1187693","display_name":"Control flow graph","level":2,"score":0.6134446263313293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98183937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2112188","display_name":"Program analysis","level":2,"score":0.5552202463150024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.5256558656692505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97686452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7604153","display_name":"Static analysis","level":2,"score":0.5042263269424438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.5008494853973389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98763669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov chain","level":2,"score":0.4266259968280792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137287247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1329550","display_name":"Static program analysis","level":4,"score":0.4178640842437744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.18614965677261353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.16667896509170532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3192366.3192408","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3192366.3192408","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 39th ACM SIGPLAN Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.75}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306555","display_name":"Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/00hwxbz16"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309434","display_name":"University of Wisconsin-Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337368","display_name":"Division of Graduate Education","ror":"https://ror.org/00whkrf32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338294","display_name":"Air Force Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2egq70"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":87,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2852225","https://openalex.org/W49331338","https://openalex.org/W72346910","https://openalex.org/W88990729","https://openalex.org/W128101668","https://openalex.org/W148396834","https://openalex.org/W199049734","https://openalex.org/W1489862799","https://openalex.org/W1491878511","https://openalex.org/W1492711856","https://openalex.org/W1494192115","https://openalex.org/W1497571013","https://openalex.org/W1498004481","https://openalex.org/W1499442191","https://openalex.org/W1518247129","https://openalex.org/W1521221596","https://openalex.org/W1544822727","https://openalex.org/W1551315579","https://openalex.org/W1553858749","https://openalex.org/W1580323521","https://openalex.org/W1585404558","https://openalex.org/W1589239973","https://openalex.org/W1593165330","https://openalex.org/W1715173658","https://openalex.org/W1729037535","https://openalex.org/W1734364899","https://openalex.org/W1857165034","https://openalex.org/W1890754682","https://openalex.org/W1921152384","https://openalex.org/W1922177649","https://openalex.org/W1975636681","https://openalex.org/W1975638108","https://openalex.org/W1976228570","https://openalex.org/W2000108089","https://openalex.org/W2010194128","https://openalex.org/W2011086847","https://openalex.org/W2014764321","https://openalex.org/W2024355065","https://openalex.org/W2036157748","https://openalex.org/W2043100293","https://openalex.org/W2047650874","https://openalex.org/W2048025009","https://openalex.org/W2056099894","https://openalex.org/W2058440484","https://openalex.org/W2069300761","https://openalex.org/W2071747607","https://openalex.org/W2080573945","https://openalex.org/W2098645109","https://openalex.org/W2102750354","https://openalex.org/W2103149536","https://openalex.org/W2103953062","https://openalex.org/W2103953153","https://openalex.org/W2112660220","https://openalex.org/W2119567691","https://openalex.org/W2124153277","https://openalex.org/W2132661148","https://openalex.org/W2144793956","https://openalex.org/W2155049725","https://openalex.org/W2155748644","https://openalex.org/W2166496828","https://openalex.org/W2167435507","https://openalex.org/W2171834078","https://openalex.org/W2184410169","https://openalex.org/W2206718322","https://openalex.org/W2220995138","https://openalex.org/W2233431969","https://openalex.org/W2294463722","https://openalex.org/W2295266283","https://openalex.org/W2298292997","https://openalex.org/W2334782222","https://openalex.org/W2340462378","https://openalex.org/W2395763232","https://openalex.org/W2398327122","https://openalex.org/W2435583538","https://openalex.org/W2494200839","https://openalex.org/W2548604229","https://openalex.org/W2577537660","https://openalex.org/W2952696670","https://openalex.org/W3030098241","https://openalex.org/W3100287873","https://openalex.org/W3146075203","https://openalex.org/W4233840023","https://openalex.org/W4244619323","https://openalex.org/W4251912342","https://openalex.org/W4300577719","https://openalex.org/W4388298908","https://openalex.org/W6852455798"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4297908618","https://openalex.org/W2765641823","https://openalex.org/W2985048382","https://openalex.org/W2867457158","https://openalex.org/W2354385412","https://openalex.org/W3111646971","https://openalex.org/W1277328974","https://openalex.org/W4384302888","https://openalex.org/W3120011499","https://openalex.org/W2080046362"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Automatically":[0],"establishing":[1],"that":[2,24,29,126,198],"a":[3,11,15,60,131,137,145,183],"probabilistic":[4,42,75,121],"program":[5,21,31],"satisfies":[6,32],"some":[7],"property":[8],"\u03d5":[9,25],"is":[10,125,128,201],"challenging":[12,78],"problem.":[13],"While":[14],"sampling-based":[16],"approach\u2014which":[17],"involves":[18],"running":[19],"the":[20,30,69,120,167,194,199],"repeatedly\u2014can":[22],"suggest":[23],"holds,":[26],"to":[27,49,94,107,119,157,181],"establish":[28],"\u03d5,":[33],"analysis":[34,105,118],"techniques":[35],"must":[36],"be":[37],"used.":[38],"Despite":[39],"recent":[40],"successes,":[41],"static":[43,72],"analyses":[44,73,163,196],"are":[45],"still":[46],"more":[47],"difficult":[48],"design":[50],"and":[51,67,87,106,159,166],"implement":[52,160,182],"than":[53,144],"their":[54],"deterministic":[55],"counterparts.":[56],"This":[57],"paper":[58],"presents":[59],"framework,":[61],"called":[62],"PMAF,":[63],"for":[64,140,164,193],"designing,":[65],"implementing,":[66],"proving":[68],"correctness":[70],"of":[71,74,99,136],"programs":[76,192],"with":[77,190],"features":[79],"such":[80],"as":[81],"recursion,":[82],"unstructured":[83],"control-flow,":[84],"divergence,":[85],"nondeterminism,":[86],"continuous":[88],"distributions.":[89],"PMAF":[90,111,127,153,177],"introduces":[91],"pre-Markov":[92],"algebras":[93],"factor":[95],"out":[96],"common":[97],"parts":[98],"different":[100],"analyses.":[101,175],"To":[102,149],"perform":[103],"interprocedural":[104,116,174,185],"create":[108],"procedure":[109],"summaries,":[110],"extends":[112],"ideas":[113],"from":[114],"non-probabilistic":[115],"dataflow":[117],"setting.":[122],"One":[123],"novelty":[124],"based":[129],"on":[130],"semantics":[132],"formulated":[133],"in":[134],"terms":[135],"control-flow":[138,147],"hyper-graph":[139],"each":[141],"procedure,":[142],"rather":[143],"standard":[146],"graph.":[148],"evaluate":[150],"its":[151],"effectiveness,":[152],"has":[154,178],"been":[155,179],"used":[156,180],"reformulate":[158],"existing":[161],"intraprocedural":[162],"Bayesian-inference":[165],"Markov":[168],"decision":[169],"problem,":[170],"by":[171],"creating":[172],"corresponding":[173],"Additionally,":[176],"new":[184],"linear":[186],"expectation-invariant":[187],"analysis.":[188],"Experiments":[189],"benchmark":[191],"three":[195],"demonstrate":[197],"approach":[200],"practical.":[202]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-11T08:14:18.477133","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
