{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2798482398","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3192366.3192379","title":"Spatial: a language and compiler for application accelerators","display_name":"Spatial: a language and compiler for application accelerators","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-06-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2798482398","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3192366.3192379","mag":"2798482398"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3192366.3192379","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3192366.3192379","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3192366.3192379","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 39th ACM SIGPLAN Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3192366.3192379","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018762260","display_name":"David Koeplinger","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"David Koeplinger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090085702","display_name":"Matthew Feldman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2494-6533"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthew Feldman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111746097","display_name":"Raghu Prabhakar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raghu Prabhakar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100378919","display_name":"Yaqi Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6902-337X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yaqi Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048870398","display_name":"Stefan Hadjis","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefan Hadjis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048120510","display_name":"Ruben Fiszel","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5124864","display_name":"\u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne","ror":"https://ror.org/02s376052","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruben Fiszel","raw_affiliation_strings":["EPFL, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"EPFL, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064644506","display_name":"Tian Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5372-0835"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tian Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008975166","display_name":"Luigi Nardi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4601-2264"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luigi Nardi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006068818","display_name":"Ardavan Pedram","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6348-6701"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ardavan Pedram","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042148531","display_name":"Christos Kozyrakis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3154-7530"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christos Kozyrakis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023857198","display_name":"Kunle Olukotun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8779-0636"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kunle Olukotun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":11,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5018762260"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":21.0186,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":163,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99746134,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"296","last_page":"311"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10904","display_name":"Embedded Systems Design Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10829","display_name":"Interconnection Networks and Systems","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8722769618034363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compiler","display_name":"Compiler","score":0.8294806480407715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.6288960576057434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.5121076107025146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.46758270263671875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.44804513454437256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.4435373544692993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimizing-compiler","display_name":"Optimizing compiler","score":0.43920350074768066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.3234475255012512}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8722769618034363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169590947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47506","display_name":"Compiler","level":2,"score":0.8294806480407715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.6288960576057434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.5121076107025146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.46758270263671875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.44804513454437256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.4435373544692993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190902152","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1325106","display_name":"Optimizing compiler","level":3,"score":0.43920350074768066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3234475255012512}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3192366.3192379","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3192366.3192379","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3192366.3192379","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 39th ACM SIGPLAN Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:infoscience.epfl.ch:262576","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/262576","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400487","display_name":"Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"WoS","raw_type":"conference proceedings"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3192366.3192379","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3192366.3192379","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3192366.3192379","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 39th ACM SIGPLAN Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8600000143051147,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2040692823","display_name":"SHF: Medium: Collaborative Research: From Volume to Velocity: Big Data Analytics in Near-Realtime","funder_award_id":"1563078","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2523575263","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA8750-14-2-0240","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","funder_display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3461160294","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA8750-17-2-0095","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","funder_display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4713059963","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA8750","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","funder_display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4739588209","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SHF-1563078","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6412687866","display_name":"BIGDATA: Mid-Scale: DA: Collaborative Research: Genomes Galore - Core Techniques, Libraries, and Domain Specific Languages for High-Throughput DNA Sequencing","funder_award_id":"1247701","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7707571486","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA8750-12-2-0335","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","funder_display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2798482398.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2798482398.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W93901327","https://openalex.org/W1969529818","https://openalex.org/W1971081903","https://openalex.org/W1980208272","https://openalex.org/W1983394510","https://openalex.org/W2018055497","https://openalex.org/W2036952936","https://openalex.org/W2039974221","https://openalex.org/W2055312318","https://openalex.org/W2074812550","https://openalex.org/W2075745057","https://openalex.org/W2085118703","https://openalex.org/W2106962797","https://openalex.org/W2133156997","https://openalex.org/W2162385899","https://openalex.org/W2296514843","https://openalex.org/W2343695530","https://openalex.org/W2466242877","https://openalex.org/W2474119684","https://openalex.org/W2511419816","https://openalex.org/W2515406844","https://openalex.org/W2517689844","https://openalex.org/W2585956997","https://openalex.org/W2586181036","https://openalex.org/W2625457103","https://openalex.org/W2626211758","https://openalex.org/W2626991402","https://openalex.org/W2729067184","https://openalex.org/W2952949371","https://openalex.org/W3083504653","https://openalex.org/W3100760381","https://openalex.org/W4248970686"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2002505081","https://openalex.org/W2083681681","https://openalex.org/W2577630842","https://openalex.org/W1172579163","https://openalex.org/W1488300410","https://openalex.org/W2138790427","https://openalex.org/W3146558274","https://openalex.org/W4246454774","https://openalex.org/W2162051035","https://openalex.org/W1597127505"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Industry":[0],"is":[1],"increasingly":[2],"turning":[3],"to":[4,37],"reconfigurable":[5],"architectures":[6,21],"like":[7],"FPGAs":[8],"and":[9,14,34,55],"CGRAs":[10],"for":[11,32],"improved":[12],"performance":[13,60],"energy":[15],"efficiency.":[16],"Unfortunately,":[17],"adoption":[18],"of":[19,53],"these":[20],"has":[22],"been":[23],"limited":[24],"by":[25],"their":[26],"programming":[27],"models.":[28],"HDLs":[29],"lack":[30],"abstractions":[31,57],"productivity":[33],"are":[35,45],"difficult":[36],"target":[38],"from":[39],"higher":[40],"level":[41],"languages.":[42],"HLS":[43],"tools":[44],"more":[46],"productive,":[47],"but":[48],"offer":[49],"an":[50],"ad-hoc":[51],"mix":[52],"software":[54],"hardware":[56],"which":[58],"make":[59],"optimizations":[61],"difficult.":[62]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":37},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-04-21T08:09:41.155169","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
