{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2737641788","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3087801.3087802","title":"Seeing is Believing","display_name":"Seeing is Believing","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-07-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2737641788","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3087801.3087802","mag":"2737641788"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3087801.3087802","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3087801.3087802","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043986860","display_name":"Natacha Crooks","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3567-801X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","display_name":"Cornell University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6r87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Natacha Crooks","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Texas at Austin & Cornell University, Austin, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Texas at Austin & Cornell University, Austin, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309","https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054993587","display_name":"Youer Pu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","display_name":"Cornell University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6r87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Youer Pu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048612724","display_name":"Lorenzo Alvisi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9857-5528"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","display_name":"Cornell University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6r87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lorenzo Alvisi","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Texas at Austin & Cornell University, Austin, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Texas at Austin & Cornell University, Austin, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309","https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061077761","display_name":"Allen Clement","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100430","display_name":"Google (Switzerland)","ror":"https://ror.org/014f9c269","country_code":"CH","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210100430","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Allen Clement","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, Inc., Zurich, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Inc., Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100430"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5043986860"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295","https://openalex.org/I86519309"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.5128,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":52,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93619995,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"73","last_page":"82"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11181","display_name":"Advanced Data Storage Technologies","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7965803146362305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/isolation","display_name":"Isolation (microbiology)","score":0.6904622316360474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/snapshot","display_name":"Snapshot (computer storage)","score":0.6195085644721985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/implementation","display_name":"Implementation","score":0.6122372150421143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.5281476974487305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.4332762360572815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.1713746190071106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.09140703082084656}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7965803146362305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775941552","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25212305","display_name":"Isolation (microbiology)","level":2,"score":0.6904622316360474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55282118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q252683","display_name":"Snapshot (computer storage)","level":2,"score":0.6195085644721985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26713055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245962","display_name":"Implementation","level":2,"score":0.6122372150421143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.5281476974487305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.4332762360572815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.1713746190071106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.09140703082084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89423630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7193","display_name":"Microbiology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3087801.3087802","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3087801.3087802","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5799999833106995,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7437903366","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-1718709 & CNS-1409555","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309327","display_name":"Google","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W201983520","https://openalex.org/W1433235304","https://openalex.org/W1545155892","https://openalex.org/W1601925768","https://openalex.org/W1642392512","https://openalex.org/W1969434100","https://openalex.org/W1969925795","https://openalex.org/W1993505169","https://openalex.org/W1996952974","https://openalex.org/W1999610418","https://openalex.org/W2006732937","https://openalex.org/W2022984109","https://openalex.org/W2023304911","https://openalex.org/W2025073323","https://openalex.org/W2026697016","https://openalex.org/W2038345682","https://openalex.org/W2041180570","https://openalex.org/W2044555065","https://openalex.org/W2052987550","https://openalex.org/W2058535975","https://openalex.org/W2085422792","https://openalex.org/W2101027550","https://openalex.org/W2101939036","https://openalex.org/W2112355842","https://openalex.org/W2117917070","https://openalex.org/W2121356861","https://openalex.org/W2125930899","https://openalex.org/W2128585185","https://openalex.org/W2131751093","https://openalex.org/W2145003065","https://openalex.org/W2160357235","https://openalex.org/W2163285148","https://openalex.org/W2186001977","https://openalex.org/W2282592920","https://openalex.org/W2293215590","https://openalex.org/W2294598538","https://openalex.org/W2295961544","https://openalex.org/W2435606122","https://openalex.org/W2440548006","https://openalex.org/W2485415552","https://openalex.org/W2497521232","https://openalex.org/W2535248815","https://openalex.org/W2585715281","https://openalex.org/W2604930776","https://openalex.org/W2612011989","https://openalex.org/W2613747361","https://openalex.org/W3004616691","https://openalex.org/W3144889436","https://openalex.org/W4252700069"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2542847180","https://openalex.org/W2120447654","https://openalex.org/W2977179488","https://openalex.org/W3034994054","https://openalex.org/W2144453115","https://openalex.org/W2805712290","https://openalex.org/W2744553356","https://openalex.org/W2155226960","https://openalex.org/W2548022288","https://openalex.org/W2909129499"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"introduces":[2],"the":[3,67,104,156],"first":[4],"state-based":[5],"formalization":[6],"of":[7,29,33,44,106,134,155,166],"isolation":[8,40,74,111,136,158,169],"guarantees.":[9,112],"Our":[10],"approach":[11],"is":[12],"premised":[13],"on":[14,90],"a":[15,27,31,141,163,177],"simple":[16],"observation:":[17],"applications":[18,60],"view":[19],"storage":[20],"systems":[21],"as":[22],"black-boxes":[23],"that":[24,69,85,115,129],"transition":[25],"through":[26],"series":[28],"states,":[30],"subset":[32],"which":[34],"are":[35,76,81,124],"observed":[36],"by":[37],"applications.":[38],"Defining":[39],"guarantees":[41,75,105],"in":[42,125,140,180],"terms":[43],"these":[45],"states":[46,92],"frees":[47],"definitions":[48,88,146],"from":[49,87,147],"implementation-specific":[50,148],"assumptions.":[51],"It":[52],"makes":[53],"immediately":[54],"clear":[55],"what":[56],"anomalies,":[57],"if":[58],"any,":[59],"can":[61,137,150,170],"expect":[62],"to":[63,101,121,174],"observe,":[64],"thus":[65],"bridging":[66],"gap":[68],"exists":[70],"today":[71],"between":[72],"how":[73,79,162],"defined":[77],"and":[78,128],"they":[80],"perceived.":[82],"The":[83],"clarity":[84],"results":[86],"based":[89],"client-observable":[91],"brings":[93],"forth":[94],"several":[95,116],"benefits.":[96],"First,":[97],"it":[98],"allows":[99],"us":[100],"easily":[102],"compare":[103],"distinct,":[107,123],"but":[108],"semantically":[109],"close,":[110],"We":[113,160],"find":[114],"well-known":[117],"guarantees,":[118],"previously":[119,131],"thought":[120],"be":[122,138,171],"fact":[126],"equivalent,":[127],"many":[130],"incomparable":[132],"flavors":[133],"snapshot":[135,168],"organized":[139],"clean":[142],"hierarchy.":[143],"Second,":[144],"freeing":[145],"artefacts":[149],"suggest":[151],"more":[152,172],"efficient":[153],"implementations":[154],"same":[157],"guarantee.":[159],"show":[161],"client-centric":[164],"implementation":[165],"parallel":[167],"resilient":[173],"slowdown":[175],"cascades,":[176],"common":[178],"phenomenon":[179],"large-scale":[181],"datacenters.":[182]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-09T13:55:54.758798","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}