{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2605389065","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2976742","title":"Toward Human-Scale Brain Computing Using 3D Wafer Scale Integration","display_name":"Toward Human-Scale Brain Computing Using 3D Wafer Scale Integration","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-04-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2605389065","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2976742","mag":"2605389065"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2976742","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2976742","pdf_url":"http://dl.acm.org/ft_gateway.cfm?id=2976742&type=pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96198239","display_name":"ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems","issn_l":"1550-4832","issn":["1550-4832","1550-4840"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"http://dl.acm.org/ft_gateway.cfm?id=2976742&type=pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104031174","display_name":"Arvind Kumar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114115","display_name":"IBM Research - Thomas J. Watson Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0265w5591","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Arvind Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, NY, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090477926","display_name":"Zhe Wan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8088-1677"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhe Wan","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California at Los Angeles and IBM Albany Nanotech Center, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California at Los Angeles and IBM Albany Nanotech Center, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112083582","display_name":"W. W. Wilcke","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210085935","display_name":"IBM Research - Almaden","ror":"https://ror.org/005w8dd04","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210085935","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Winfried W. Wilcke","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Almaden Research Center, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Almaden Research Center, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210085935"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091022757","display_name":"Subramanian S. Iyer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1220-031X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Subramanian S. Iyer","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California at Los Angeles, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California at Los Angeles, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5104031174"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114115"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1682,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79796813,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"3","first_page":"1","last_page":"21"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11601","display_name":"Neuroscience and Neural Engineering","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6125919222831726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.5792691111564636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/von-neumann-architecture","display_name":"Von Neumann architecture","score":0.4466255307197571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuromorphic-engineering","display_name":"Neuromorphic engineering","score":0.42367786169052124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.4154995381832123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.3655402660369873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.16039606928825378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.1579250693321228}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6125919222831726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.5792691111564636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80469333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189088","display_name":"Von Neumann architecture","level":2,"score":0.4466255307197571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151927369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1981312","display_name":"Neuromorphic engineering","level":3,"score":0.42367786169052124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.4154995381832123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3655402660369873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.16039606928825378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.1579250693321228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2976742","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2976742","pdf_url":"http://dl.acm.org/ft_gateway.cfm?id=2976742&type=pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96198239","display_name":"ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems","issn_l":"1550-4832","issn":["1550-4832","1550-4840"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org/ark:/13030/qt92q678vd","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/92q678vd","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems, vol 13, iss 3","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:qt92q678vd","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/92q678vd","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Kumar, Arvind; Wan, Zhe; Wilcke, Winfried W.; &amp; Iyer, Subramanian S.(2017). Toward Human-Scale Brain Computing Using 3D Wafer Scale Integration. ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems, 13(3). UCLA: Retrieved from: http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/92q678vd","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2976742","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2976742","pdf_url":"http://dl.acm.org/ft_gateway.cfm?id=2976742&type=pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S96198239","display_name":"ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems","issn_l":"1550-4832","issn":["1550-4832","1550-4840"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.49000000953674316,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3248382439","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N66001-15-C-4034","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","funder_display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332815","display_name":"Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2605389065.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2605389065.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W101771737","https://openalex.org/W1548986902","https://openalex.org/W1560950418","https://openalex.org/W1673584506","https://openalex.org/W1937359183","https://openalex.org/W1964480817","https://openalex.org/W1972412818","https://openalex.org/W1975072631","https://openalex.org/W1979426401","https://openalex.org/W1982071379","https://openalex.org/W1988038191","https://openalex.org/W1988707365","https://openalex.org/W2006370340","https://openalex.org/W2011525418","https://openalex.org/W2021764121","https://openalex.org/W2026864246","https://openalex.org/W2037502757","https://openalex.org/W2037741849","https://openalex.org/W2038509324","https://openalex.org/W2040429262","https://openalex.org/W2046572522","https://openalex.org/W2053121826","https://openalex.org/W2058582133","https://openalex.org/W2070392532","https://openalex.org/W2071208935","https://openalex.org/W2072717808","https://openalex.org/W2075187489","https://openalex.org/W2080287072","https://openalex.org/W2106069155","https://openalex.org/W2106987452","https://openalex.org/W2112090702","https://openalex.org/W2117422822","https://openalex.org/W2117489143","https://openalex.org/W2123512296","https://openalex.org/W2124306283","https://openalex.org/W2132500083","https://openalex.org/W2138913040","https://openalex.org/W2140591465","https://openalex.org/W2142446997","https://openalex.org/W2159951683","https://openalex.org/W2162427107","https://openalex.org/W2163630896","https://openalex.org/W2164586147","https://openalex.org/W2165096765","https://openalex.org/W2171888576","https://openalex.org/W2288231118","https://openalex.org/W2304353979","https://openalex.org/W2341514930","https://openalex.org/W2564938423","https://openalex.org/W2732258553","https://openalex.org/W2777126322","https://openalex.org/W2913516634","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W3104162526","https://openalex.org/W3124769650","https://openalex.org/W4212884277"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2549656885","https://openalex.org/W4306160710","https://openalex.org/W3205203327","https://openalex.org/W4206609022","https://openalex.org/W4387251031","https://openalex.org/W4293576507","https://openalex.org/W2504678134","https://openalex.org/W4225977302","https://openalex.org/W4294536866","https://openalex.org/W3128096732"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,97],"Von":[1],"Neumann":[2],"architecture,":[3,122],"defined":[4],"by":[5,43,53],"strict":[6],"and":[7,12,101,146,149,155],"hierarchical":[8],"separation":[9],"of":[10,18,38,57,67,105,120,128,141,158],"memory":[11],"processor,":[13],"has":[14],"been":[15],"a":[16,48,54,125,129,138,183,190],"hallmark":[17],"conventional":[19],"computer":[20],"design":[21],"since":[22],"the":[23,44,86,118,151,159,162,178],"1940s.":[24],"It":[25],"is":[26,88],"becoming":[27],"increasingly":[28],"unsuitable":[29],"for":[30,84,180],"cognitive":[31],"applications,":[32],"which":[33,85],"require":[34,194],"massive":[35],"parallel":[36],"processing":[37,107],"highly":[39,58],"interdependent":[40],"data.":[41],"Inspired":[42],"brain,":[45,185],"we":[46,123],"propose":[47,124],"significantly":[49],"different":[50],"architecture":[51,75],"characterized":[52],"large":[55,65],"number":[56],"interconnected":[59],"simple":[60,139],"processors":[61],"intertwined":[62],"with":[63,92,173],"very":[64],"amounts":[66],"low-latency":[68],"memory.":[69],"We":[70,165],"contend":[71],"that":[72,167],"this":[73,121],"memory-centric":[74],"can":[76],"be":[77],"realized":[78],"using":[79,132,161],"3D":[80,109,133,168],"wafer":[81,110,134,169],"scale":[82,135,170],"integration":[83],"technology":[87],"nearing":[89,175],"readiness,":[90,176],"combined":[91,172],"current":[93],"CMOS":[94],"device":[95],"technologies.":[96],"natural":[98],"fault":[99],"tolerance":[100],"lower":[102],"power":[103,156],"requirements":[104,157],"neuromorphic":[106],"make":[108],"stacking":[111],"particularly":[112],"attractive.":[113],"In":[114],"order":[115],"to":[116,182,189],"assess":[117],"performance":[119],"specific":[126],"embodiment":[127],"neuronal":[130],"system":[131,160],"integration;":[136],"formulate":[137],"model":[140],"brain":[142,192],"connectivity":[143,163],"including":[144],"short-":[145],"long-range":[147],"connections;":[148],"estimate":[150],"memory,":[152],"bandwidth,":[153],"latency,":[154],"model.":[164],"find":[166],"integration,":[171],"technologies":[174],"offers":[177],"potential":[179],"scaleup":[181,188],"primate-scale":[184],"while":[186],"further":[187],"human-scale":[191],"would":[193],"significant":[195],"additional":[196],"innovations.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
