{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2011316745","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2785956.2787506","title":"PGA","display_name":"PGA","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-08-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2011316745","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2785956.2787506","mag":"2011316745"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2785956.2787506","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2785956.2787506","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/2785956.2787506","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2015 ACM Conference on Special Interest Group on Data Communication","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/2785956.2787506","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005881431","display_name":"Chaithan Prakash","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chaithan Prakash","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033355299","display_name":"Jeongkeun Lee","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1324840837","display_name":"Hewlett-Packard (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/059rn9488","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1324840837"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeongkeun Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["HP Labs, Palo Alto, CA, USA","HP Labs, Palo ALto, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"HP Labs, Palo Alto, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1324840837"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"HP Labs, Palo ALto, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1324840837"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108425766","display_name":"Yoshio Turner","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210154627","display_name":"Banyan Biomarkers (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04cq3yd71","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210154627"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yoshio Turner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Banyan, San Francisco, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Banyan, San Francisco, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210154627"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065292350","display_name":"Joon\u2010Myung Kang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7143-0364"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1324840837","display_name":"Hewlett-Packard (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/059rn9488","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1324840837"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joon-Myung Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["HP Labs, Palo Alto, CA, USA","HP Labs, Palo ALto, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"HP Labs, Palo Alto, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1324840837"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"HP Labs, Palo ALto, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1324840837"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035329776","display_name":"Aditya Akella","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5920-170X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aditya Akella","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102914855","display_name":"Sujata Banerjee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2423-7665"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1324840837","display_name":"Hewlett-Packard (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/059rn9488","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1324840837"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sujata Banerjee","raw_affiliation_strings":["HP Labs, Palo Alto, CA, USA","HP Labs, Palo ALto, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"HP Labs, Palo Alto, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1324840837"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"HP Labs, Palo ALto, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1324840837"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100643962","display_name":"Charles Clark","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0327-1223"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Charles Clark","raw_affiliation_strings":["HP Networking, Palo Alto, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"HP Networking, Palo Alto, CA, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101074552","display_name":"Yadi Ma","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1324840837","display_name":"Hewlett-Packard (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/059rn9488","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1324840837"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yadi Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["HP Labs, Palo Alto, CA, USA","HP Labs, Palo ALto, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"HP Labs, Palo Alto, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1324840837"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"HP Labs, Palo ALto, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1324840837"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080475090","display_name":"Puneet Sharma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5937-5382"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1324840837","display_name":"Hewlett-Packard (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/059rn9488","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1324840837"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Puneet Sharma","raw_affiliation_strings":["HP Labs, Palo Alto, CA, USA","HP Labs, Palo ALto, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"HP Labs, Palo Alto, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1324840837"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"HP Labs, Palo ALto, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1324840837"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101895992","display_name":"Ying Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2637-6765"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1324840837","display_name":"Hewlett-Packard (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/059rn9488","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1324840837"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ying Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["HP Labs, Palo Alto, CA, USA","HP Labs, Palo ALto, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"HP Labs, Palo Alto, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1324840837"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"HP Labs, Palo ALto, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1324840837"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":10,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5005881431"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":29.083,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":152,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99690551,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"29","last_page":"42"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chaining","display_name":"Chaining","score":0.8474955558776855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8301786780357361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.6333420276641846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.6276271939277649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.5705893039703369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-defined-networking","display_name":"Software-defined networking","score":0.4567696750164032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/service-composition","display_name":"Service composition","score":0.42724037170410156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.42472678422927856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3595389723777771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.21857064962387085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.21651408076286316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-of-service","display_name":"Quality of service","score":0.14295083284378052}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49020025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059099","display_name":"Chaining","level":2,"score":0.8474955558776855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8301786780357361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.6333420276641846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.6276271939277649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.5705893039703369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77270119","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1655198","display_name":"Software-defined networking","level":2,"score":0.4567696750164032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983385018","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7455734","display_name":"Service composition","level":3,"score":0.42724037170410156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.42472678422927856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3595389723777771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.21857064962387085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.21651408076286316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5119721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220501","display_name":"Quality of service","level":2,"score":0.14295083284378052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2785956.2787506","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2785956.2787506","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/2785956.2787506","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2015 ACM Conference on Special Interest Group on Data Communication","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2785956.2787506","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2785956.2787506","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/2785956.2787506","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2015 ACM Conference on Special Interest Group on Data Communication","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.4099999964237213,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1050241970","display_name":"FIA-NP: Collaborative Research: Deployment-Driven Evaluation and Evolution of the eXpressive Internet Architecture","funder_award_id":"1345249","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1103213180","display_name":"NeTS: Medium Collaborative Research: Enabling Flexible Middlebox Processing in the Cloud","funder_award_id":"1302041","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4900293173","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-1302041, CNS-1330308, CNS-1345249","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G524241460","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1330308","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7594386247","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-1330308","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2011316745.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2011316745.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W49496018","https://openalex.org/W1461485317","https://openalex.org/W1590488181","https://openalex.org/W1675033504","https://openalex.org/W1792894036","https://openalex.org/W2021234005","https://openalex.org/W2027941036","https://openalex.org/W2033181023","https://openalex.org/W2035216204","https://openalex.org/W2053562606","https://openalex.org/W2066903245","https://openalex.org/W2071187149","https://openalex.org/W2081198029","https://openalex.org/W2099501333","https://openalex.org/W2106863923","https://openalex.org/W2116995348","https://openalex.org/W2121527371","https://openalex.org/W2123372830","https://openalex.org/W2123548135","https://openalex.org/W2130210899","https://openalex.org/W2132026455","https://openalex.org/W2137229314","https://openalex.org/W2141992894","https://openalex.org/W2142972529","https://openalex.org/W2143840927","https://openalex.org/W2145858411","https://openalex.org/W2147802358","https://openalex.org/W2151517515","https://openalex.org/W2163593754","https://openalex.org/W2171918355","https://openalex.org/W2296618620","https://openalex.org/W2997947960","https://openalex.org/W4234045312","https://openalex.org/W6635205284","https://openalex.org/W6684118736"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1995270367","https://openalex.org/W4387627836","https://openalex.org/W2767696758","https://openalex.org/W2107793209","https://openalex.org/W2041767423","https://openalex.org/W3028301851","https://openalex.org/W2901315987","https://openalex.org/W4200061056","https://openalex.org/W2615184401","https://openalex.org/W3014017018"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Software":[0],"Defined":[1],"Networking":[2],"(SDN)":[3],"and":[4,19,31,37,44,61,87,89,96,108],"cloud":[5],"automation":[6],"enable":[7],"a":[8,73,135],"large":[9,136,148],"number":[10],"of":[11,47,58,64,116],"diverse":[12,51],"parties":[13],"(network":[14],"operators,":[15],"application":[16],"admins,":[17],"tenants/end-users)":[18],"control":[20],"programs":[21],"(SDN":[22],"Apps,":[23],"network":[24,28,68,81,138],"services)":[25],"to":[26,83,94,118],"generate":[27],"policies":[29,49,82],"independently":[30,66],"dynamically.":[32],"Yet":[33],"existing":[34],"policy":[35,98,139],"abstractions":[36],"frameworks":[38],"do":[39],"not":[40],"support":[41],"natural":[42],"expression":[43],"automatic":[45],"composition":[46,63,143],"high-level":[48,74],"from":[50],"sources.":[52],"We":[53,70],"tackle":[54],"the":[55,91,114],"open":[56],"problem":[57],"automatic,":[59],"correct":[60],"fast":[62],"multiple":[65,123],"specified":[67],"policies.":[69],"first":[71],"develop":[72],"Policy":[75],"Graph":[76],"Abstraction":[77],"(PGA)":[78],"that":[79],"allows":[80],"be":[84,119],"expressed":[85],"simply":[86],"independently,":[88],"leverage":[90],"graph":[92],"structure":[93],"detect":[95],"resolve":[97],"conflicts":[99],"efficiently.":[100],"Besides":[101],"supporting":[102],"ACL":[103],"policies,":[104,112],"PGA":[105],"also":[106],"models":[107],"composes":[109],"service":[110,124],"chaining":[111],"i.e.,":[113],"sequence":[115],"middleboxes":[117],"traversed,":[120],"by":[121],"merging":[122],"chain":[125],"requirements":[126],"into":[127],"conflict-free":[128],"composed":[129],"chains.":[130],"Our":[131],"system":[132],"validation":[133],"using":[134],"enterprise":[137],"dataset":[140],"demonstrates":[141],"practical":[142],"times":[144],"even":[145],"for":[146],"very":[147],"inputs,":[149],"with":[150],"only":[151],"sub-millisecond":[152],"runtime":[153],"latencies.":[154]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-21T08:09:41.155169","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}