{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2097718614","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2676723.2677264","title":"Backward Design","display_name":"Backward Design","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-02-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2097718614","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2676723.2677264","mag":"2097718614"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2676723.2677264","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2676723.2677264","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 46th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062386207","display_name":"Michael S. Kirkpatrick","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7200-4102"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11883440","display_name":"James Madison University","ror":"https://ror.org/028pmsz77","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11883440"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Michael S. Kirkpatrick","raw_affiliation_strings":["James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, USA","(James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, USA)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11883440"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"(James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, USA)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11883440"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079653471","display_name":"Mohamed Aboutabl","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11883440","display_name":"James Madison University","ror":"https://ror.org/028pmsz77","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11883440"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed Aboutabl","raw_affiliation_strings":["James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, USA","(James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, USA)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11883440"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"(James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, USA)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11883440"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034935385","display_name":"David Bernstein","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2267-5741"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11883440","display_name":"James Madison University","ror":"https://ror.org/028pmsz77","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11883440"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Bernstein","raw_affiliation_strings":["James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, USA","(James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, USA)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11883440"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"(James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, USA)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11883440"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063994140","display_name":"Sharon Simmons","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11883440","display_name":"James Madison University","ror":"https://ror.org/028pmsz77","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11883440"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sharon Simmons","raw_affiliation_strings":["James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, USA","(James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, USA)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11883440"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"(James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, USA)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11883440"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5062386207"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11883440"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.07502061,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"30","last_page":"35"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11283","display_name":"Experimental Learning in Engineering","score":0.9904999732971191,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11299","display_name":"Problem and Project Based Learning","score":0.9890999794006348,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/restructuring","display_name":"Restructuring","score":0.8048039674758911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/curriculum","display_name":"Curriculum","score":0.7593249082565308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.6301534175872803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.623102068901062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/core","display_name":"Core (optical fiber)","score":0.5531599521636963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/core-curriculum","display_name":"Core curriculum","score":0.46685248613357544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.4197661876678467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering-management","display_name":"Engineering management","score":0.3599092662334442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.19624051451683044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.16493362188339233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pedagogy","display_name":"Pedagogy","score":0.12984779477119446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.11232420802116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.07847544550895691}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45237549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1376796","display_name":"Restructuring","level":2,"score":0.8048039674758911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47177190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207137","display_name":"Curriculum","level":2,"score":0.7593249082565308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.6301534175872803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.623102068901062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2164484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5170150","display_name":"Core (optical fiber)","level":2,"score":0.5531599521636963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018640582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207137","display_name":"Core curriculum","level":3,"score":0.46685248613357544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.4197661876678467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110354214","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6314146","display_name":"Engineering management","level":1,"score":0.3599092662334442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.19624051451683044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.16493362188339233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.12984779477119446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.11232420802116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.07847544550895691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2676723.2677264","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2676723.2677264","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 46th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.7900000214576721,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":7,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2008785686","https://openalex.org/W2010593734","https://openalex.org/W2134512579","https://openalex.org/W2216848248","https://openalex.org/W2573894086","https://openalex.org/W3008101955","https://openalex.org/W6638266109"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2015264114","https://openalex.org/W2386423740","https://openalex.org/W2049055108","https://openalex.org/W2126543115","https://openalex.org/W2394404008","https://openalex.org/W2258526035","https://openalex.org/W2057565300","https://openalex.org/W2000405189","https://openalex.org/W101251952","https://openalex.org/W2385185246"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,124],"paper":[1],"summarizes":[2],"our":[3,10,20,27,86],"experiences":[4],"restructuring":[5],"a":[6,49,60,89,94,109,137,163,169],"core":[7,97,112],"portion":[8],"of":[9,19,24,117,140,184],"required":[11,35,119],"courses":[12,120],"for":[13,40,121,203],"majors.":[14],"Internal":[15],"and":[16,37,73,150,171,187,200],"external":[17],"reviews":[18],"program":[21,148],"highlighted":[22],"areas":[23],"concern":[25],"in":[26],"\"systems":[28],"core,\"":[29],"including":[30],"inconsistent":[31],"student":[32,71,129],"outcomes,":[33],"missing":[34],"material,":[36],"inadequate":[38],"opportunities":[39],"programmatic":[41],"assessment.":[42],"To":[43],"fix":[44],"these":[45,54],"problems,":[46],"we":[47,91,177],"initiated":[48],"curricular":[50],"review":[51],"to":[52,85,157,162,191],"redesign":[53],"courses.":[55],"Our":[56],"novel":[57],"approach":[58,84],"employed":[59],"process":[61],"known":[62],"as":[63,88],"backward":[64,75,154],"course":[65],"design":[66,83,155],"that":[67,99,113],"starts":[68],"with":[69],"desired":[70],"outcomes":[72,190],"works":[74],"toward":[76],"defining":[77,136],"content":[78],"coverage.":[79],"By":[80],"extending":[81],"this":[82,175,179],"curriculum":[87,103],"whole,":[90],"have":[92],"defined":[93],"new":[95,110,125],"systems":[96,111,141],"structure":[98,126],"has":[100,145],"tightly":[101,146],"integrated":[102,147],"assessment":[104],"opportunities.":[105],"The":[106],"result":[107],"is":[108,167],"changes":[114],"almost":[115],"1/3":[116],"the":[118,122,153,158,182,185,189,192],"major.":[123],"provides":[127],"increased":[128],"control":[130],"over":[131],"their":[132],"learning":[133],"goals":[134],"while":[135],"consistent":[138],"foundation":[139],"fundamentals;":[142],"it":[143],"also":[144,197],"objectives":[149],"assessments.":[151],"Applying":[152],"philosophy":[156],"curriculum,":[159],"rather":[160],"than":[161],"single,":[164],"pre-defined":[165],"course,":[166],"both":[168],"rewarding":[170],"challenging":[172],"experience.":[173],"In":[174],"paper,":[176],"describe":[178],"approach,":[180],"summarize":[181],"results":[183],"process,":[186],"map":[188],"ACM":[193],"2013":[194],"curriculum.":[195],"We":[196],"provide":[198],"advice":[199],"lessons":[201],"learned":[202],"others":[204],"who":[205],"may":[206],"consider":[207],"such":[208],"an":[209],"undertaking.":[210]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
