{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2033581102","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2661829.2661934","title":"Generalized Bias-Variance Evaluation of TREC Participated Systems","display_name":"Generalized Bias-Variance Evaluation of TREC Participated Systems","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-11-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2033581102","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2661829.2661934","mag":"2033581102"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2661829.2661934","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2661829.2661934","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 23rd ACM International Conference on Conference on Information and Knowledge Management","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100779162","display_name":"Peng Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5267-0936"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Peng Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","[Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038770144","display_name":"Linxue Hao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Linxue Hao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","[Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050532724","display_name":"Dawei Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8660-3608"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204136569","display_name":"The Open University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mzfcs16","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204136569"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210117317","display_name":"Tianjin Open University","ror":"https://ror.org/02d19m529","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117317"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN","GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dawei Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tianjin University, Tianjin, China & The Open University, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tianjin University, Tianjin, China & The Open University, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210117317","https://openalex.org/I162868743","https://openalex.org/I204136569"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100384727","display_name":"Jun Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4021-4228"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University College London, London, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University College London, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100781300","display_name":"Yuexian Hou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3238-493X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuexian Hou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","[Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100380066","display_name":"Bin Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3514-5413"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76214153","display_name":"Lanzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/01mkqqe32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76214153"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bin Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China","Lanzhou University, LanZhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76214153"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lanzhou University, LanZhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76214153"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100779162"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6361,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88253388,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1911","last_page":"1914"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10286","display_name":"Information Retrieval and Search Behavior","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10286","display_name":"Information Retrieval and Search Behavior","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10203","display_name":"Recommender Systems and Techniques","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stability","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","score":0.7633187770843506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7206776142120361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/baseline","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","score":0.7100260257720947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variance","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","score":0.6350343227386475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5950787663459778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/limit","display_name":"Limit (mathematics)","score":0.4328400194644928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.37529006600379944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3201158344745636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.16053813695907593}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.7633187770843506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7206776142120361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.7100260257720947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196083921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7915758","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","level":2,"score":0.6350343227386475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5950787663459778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151201525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177239","display_name":"Limit (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4328400194644928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.37529006600379944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3201158344745636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.16053813695907593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2661829.2661934","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2661829.2661934","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 23rd ACM International Conference on Conference on Information and Knowledge Management","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:oro.open.ac.uk:40779","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401187","display_name":"Open Research Online (The Open University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I204136569","host_organization_name":"The Open University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204136569"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference or Workshop Item"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ir.lzu.edu.cn/:262010/183994","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://ir.lzu.edu.cn/handle/262010/183994","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406923049","display_name":"Lanzhou University Institutional Repository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"\u4f1a\u8bae\u8bba\u6587"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.668.1060","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.668.1060","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://oro.open.ac.uk/40779/1/ir0883p-zhangAemb.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.ucl.ac.uk.OAI2:1453776","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1453776/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400024","display_name":"UCL Discovery (University College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","host_organization_name":"University College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"     In:    (pp. pp. 1911-1914).   (2014)     ","raw_type":"Proceedings paper"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5099999904632568,"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1121271761","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Program","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1604104558","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2014CB744604","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321540","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3049924514","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2014CB74460","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G391238517","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":", and","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4020255992","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Project","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4713543433","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61402","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5171771356","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2014CB","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5753864219","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61402324","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6194230105","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2013CB","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6258415954","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Chinese","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6375256780","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61272265","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7721487033","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61105072","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7722950522","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2013CB329304","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8425278960","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2013CB329304","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321540","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8625113143","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2013CB329304","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321540","display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China","ror":"https://ror.org/027s68j25"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W169877547","https://openalex.org/W1605510967","https://openalex.org/W1979697714","https://openalex.org/W2006996936","https://openalex.org/W2073193210","https://openalex.org/W2159859920","https://openalex.org/W2161709571","https://openalex.org/W2734889908","https://openalex.org/W2917634187"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2383111961","https://openalex.org/W2365952365","https://openalex.org/W2352448290","https://openalex.org/W2380820513","https://openalex.org/W2913146933","https://openalex.org/W2372385138","https://openalex.org/W4296359239","https://openalex.org/W2101155126","https://openalex.org/W2043093291","https://openalex.org/W2081472162"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"research":[1],"has":[2,52,191],"shown":[3],"that":[4,179],"the":[5,15,49,110,118,140,147,151,189],"improvement":[6],"of":[7,29,73,139,169],"mean":[8],"retrieval":[9,16,123],"effectiveness":[10,24,31],"(e.g.,":[11],"MAP)":[12],"may":[13],"sacrifice":[14],"stability":[17,33,190],"across":[18],"queries,":[19],"implying":[20],"a":[21,38,89,97,104,122,134,162,167],"tradeoff":[22,51,75,142],"between":[23],"and":[25,32,76,99,136,156,194],"stability.":[26],"The":[27,63],"evaluation":[28,138],"both":[30],"are":[34],"often":[35],"based":[36,93,131],"on":[37,79,132],"baseline":[39],"model,":[40],"which":[41,102,133],"could":[42,195],"be":[43],"weak":[44],"or":[45,56],"biased.":[46],"In":[47,84],"addition,":[48],"effectiveness-stability":[50,141,164],"not":[53],"been":[54,197],"systematically":[55],"quantitatively":[57],"evaluated":[58],"over":[59,146,187],"TREC":[60,152],"participated":[61,119,148],"systems.":[62],"above":[64],"two":[65],"problems,":[66],"to":[67],"some":[68],"extent,":[69],"limit":[70],"our":[71],"awareness":[72],"such":[74],"its":[77],"impact":[78],"developing":[80],"future":[81],"IR":[82,185],"models.":[83],"this":[85],"paper,":[86],"motivated":[87],"by":[88,109],"recently":[90],"proposed":[91],"bias-variance":[92,129],"evaluation,":[94],"we":[95,181],"adopt":[96],"strong":[98],"unbiased":[100],"\"baseline\",":[101],"is":[103,143],"virtual":[105],"target":[106],"model":[107],"constructed":[108],"best":[111],"performance":[112],"(for":[113],"each":[114],"query)":[115],"among":[116],"all":[117],"systems":[120,149,186],"in":[121,150,173],"task.":[124],"We":[125,160],"also":[126],"propose":[127],"generalized":[128],"metrics,":[130],"systematic":[135],"quantitative":[137],"carried":[144],"out":[145],"Ad-hoc":[153],"Track":[154,158],"(1993-1999)":[155],"Web":[157],"(2010-2012).":[159],"observe":[161],"clear":[163],"tradeoff,":[165],"with":[166],"trend":[168],"becoming":[170],"more":[171,174,183],"obvious":[172],"recent":[175],"years.":[176],"This":[177],"implies":[178],"when":[180],"pursue":[182],"effective":[184],"years,":[188],"become":[192],"problematic":[193],"have":[196],"largely":[198],"overlooked.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-18T07:56:08.524223","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}