{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1991469716","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2483710.2483713","title":"Notional machines and introductory programming education","display_name":"Notional machines and introductory programming education","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1991469716","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2483710.2483713","mag":"1991469716"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2483710.2483713","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2483710.2483713","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764465379","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Computing Education","issn_l":"1946-6226","issn":["1946-6226"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Computing Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060225735","display_name":"Juha Sorva","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1727-1317"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","display_name":"Aalto University","ror":"https://ror.org/020hwjq30","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Juha Sorva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aalto University, AALTO, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aalto University, AALTO, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5060225735"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":18.0271,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":302,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99118672,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"2","first_page":"1","last_page":"31"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10731","display_name":"Educational Games and Gamification","score":0.9678000211715698,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.9646000266075134,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/notional-amount","display_name":"Notional amount","score":0.9320310354232788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7827768325805664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constructivist-teaching-methods","display_name":"Constructivist teaching methods","score":0.5156254172325134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.4710148572921753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/abstraction","display_name":"Abstraction","score":0.4555285573005676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inductive-programming","display_name":"Inductive programming","score":0.4261508584022522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/procedural-programming","display_name":"Procedural programming","score":0.4124060273170471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-paradigm","display_name":"Programming paradigm","score":0.38139504194259644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics-education","display_name":"Mathematics education","score":0.3556855022907257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.34112924337387085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.3200259506702423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/teaching-method","display_name":"Teaching method","score":0.2606722116470337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.10633054375648499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.10235849022865295}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192063788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7063049","display_name":"Notional amount","level":2,"score":0.9320310354232788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7827768325805664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25260931","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164510","display_name":"Constructivist teaching methods","level":3,"score":0.5156254172325134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.4710148572921753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124304363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q673661","display_name":"Abstraction","level":2,"score":0.4555285573005676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50033165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15712089","display_name":"Inductive programming","level":3,"score":0.4261508584022522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120558287","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1418502","display_name":"Procedural programming","level":4,"score":0.4124060273170471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34165917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188267","display_name":"Programming paradigm","level":2,"score":0.38139504194259644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.3556855022907257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.34112924337387085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.3200259506702423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88610354","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1813494","display_name":"Teaching method","level":2,"score":0.2606722116470337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.10633054375648499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.10235849022865295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2483710.2483713","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2483710.2483713","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764465379","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Computing Education","issn_l":"1946-6226","issn":["1946-6226"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Computing Education","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8199999928474426,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":145,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W18969078","https://openalex.org/W48350608","https://openalex.org/W63321254","https://openalex.org/W125169927","https://openalex.org/W156767209","https://openalex.org/W167446448","https://openalex.org/W207823173","https://openalex.org/W216713208","https://openalex.org/W324630069","https://openalex.org/W341928423","https://openalex.org/W379711631","https://openalex.org/W563755860","https://openalex.org/W602582528","https://openalex.org/W632114657","https://openalex.org/W638170124","https://openalex.org/W658821702","https://openalex.org/W1485178713","https://openalex.org/W1494277260","https://openalex.org/W1495624430","https://openalex.org/W1519336288","https://openalex.org/W1522895577","https://openalex.org/W1528293169","https://openalex.org/W1528369519","https://openalex.org/W1528558039","https://openalex.org/W1549734854","https://openalex.org/W1551895856","https://openalex.org/W1558068097","https://openalex.org/W1571363720","https://openalex.org/W1572371071","https://openalex.org/W1598077662","https://openalex.org/W1605249642","https://openalex.org/W1615097079","https://openalex.org/W1843815982","https://openalex.org/W1971075638","https://openalex.org/W1973719497","https://openalex.org/W1979507906","https://openalex.org/W1985282686","https://openalex.org/W1985798440","https://openalex.org/W1987311676","https://openalex.org/W1987895641","https://openalex.org/W1988925706","https://openalex.org/W1994324487","https://openalex.org/W1995657937","https://openalex.org/W1995969371","https://openalex.org/W2000088790","https://openalex.org/W2004451884","https://openalex.org/W2010317027","https://openalex.org/W2010991743","https://openalex.org/W2012948439","https://openalex.org/W2015646345","https://openalex.org/W2016599157","https://openalex.org/W2016718107","https://openalex.org/W2016839846","https://openalex.org/W2017319540","https://openalex.org/W2028868392","https://openalex.org/W2029974693","https://openalex.org/W2032152873","https://openalex.org/W2038799287","https://openalex.org/W2039883913","https://openalex.org/W2040307845","https://openalex.org/W2041761484","https://openalex.org/W2041954497","https://openalex.org/W2042124586","https://openalex.org/W2042876500","https://openalex.org/W2050116406","https://openalex.org/W2051669404","https://openalex.org/W2053553403","https://openalex.org/W2056070147","https://openalex.org/W2057136105","https://openalex.org/W2059311901","https://openalex.org/W2067096189","https://openalex.org/W2067404458","https://openalex.org/W2068071844","https://openalex.org/W2069537540","https://openalex.org/W2071201688","https://openalex.org/W2071855719","https://openalex.org/W2074731714","https://openalex.org/W2074883559","https://openalex.org/W2080638367","https://openalex.org/W2083490291","https://openalex.org/W2091822076","https://openalex.org/W2096126412","https://openalex.org/W2099421759","https://openalex.org/W2104916970","https://openalex.org/W2105639280","https://openalex.org/W2108726499","https://openalex.org/W2109252483","https://openalex.org/W2112209522","https://openalex.org/W2112215822","https://openalex.org/W2118662626","https://openalex.org/W2122166962","https://openalex.org/W2122463302","https://openalex.org/W2123391324","https://openalex.org/W2130719656","https://openalex.org/W2132542737","https://openalex.org/W2135851823","https://openalex.org/W2136998676","https://openalex.org/W2138012076","https://openalex.org/W2138432297","https://openalex.org/W2139834170","https://openalex.org/W2140567513","https://openalex.org/W2141720918","https://openalex.org/W2141929780","https://openalex.org/W2147903644","https://openalex.org/W2150538434","https://openalex.org/W2150930945","https://openalex.org/W2155470707","https://openalex.org/W2155527899","https://openalex.org/W2157013691","https://openalex.org/W2157364723","https://openalex.org/W2158081248","https://openalex.org/W2165605851","https://openalex.org/W2166585162","https://openalex.org/W2167759247","https://openalex.org/W2168795140","https://openalex.org/W2169805800","https://openalex.org/W2176513605","https://openalex.org/W2272461176","https://openalex.org/W2303413189","https://openalex.org/W2336535396","https://openalex.org/W2727220479","https://openalex.org/W2902780373","https://openalex.org/W2976014419","https://openalex.org/W2998612091","https://openalex.org/W2998738573","https://openalex.org/W3002225268","https://openalex.org/W3002808335","https://openalex.org/W3004373683","https://openalex.org/W3004522011","https://openalex.org/W3005934720","https://openalex.org/W3006150852","https://openalex.org/W3007422522","https://openalex.org/W3008631054","https://openalex.org/W3016891212","https://openalex.org/W3107271803","https://openalex.org/W3216977707","https://openalex.org/W4205951922","https://openalex.org/W4232725641","https://openalex.org/W4236823541","https://openalex.org/W4238569329","https://openalex.org/W4242690705","https://openalex.org/W4249107641","https://openalex.org/W4253339504","https://openalex.org/W4254161597","https://openalex.org/W6678958824"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2039406101","https://openalex.org/W1828224469","https://openalex.org/W2161156675","https://openalex.org/W1498485720","https://openalex.org/W4387445043","https://openalex.org/W2560787608","https://openalex.org/W294096832","https://openalex.org/W3117088238","https://openalex.org/W2189001763","https://openalex.org/W2169841379"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1],"brings":[2],"together,":[3],"summarizes,":[4],"and":[5,33,62,69,131],"comments":[6],"on":[7,49,66],"several":[8],"threads":[9],"of":[10,18,31,36,55,60,72,77,86,95,155],"research":[11,65],"that":[12,21,119],"have":[13],"contributed":[14],"to":[15,83,105,158],"our":[16],"understanding":[17],"the":[19,28,34,37,44,47,52,70,84,102,123],"challenges":[20],"novice":[22],"programmers":[23],"face":[24],"when":[25],"learning":[26,129],"about":[27],"runtime":[29],"dynamics":[30],"programs":[32,94],"role":[35],"computer":[38,91],"in":[39,81,112,134],"program":[40],"execution.":[41],"More":[42],"specifically,":[43],"review":[45],"covers":[46],"literature":[48,103],"programming":[50,114,139],"misconceptions,":[51],"cognitive":[53],"theory":[54,59,71],"mental":[56],"models,":[57],"constructivist":[58],"knowledge":[61],"learning,":[63],"phenomenographic":[64],"experiencing":[67],"programming,":[68,144],"threshold":[73],"concepts.":[74],"These":[75],"bodies":[76],"work":[78],"are":[79,163],"examined":[80],"relation":[82],"concept":[85],"a":[87,96,100,109],"\u201cnotional":[88],"machine\u201d\u2014an":[89],"abstract":[90],"for":[92],"executing":[93],"particular":[97],"kind.":[98],"As":[99],"whole,":[101],"points":[104],"notional":[106,124,150],"machines":[107,151],"as":[108,126,142],"major":[110],"challenge":[111],"introductory":[113],"education.":[115],"It":[116],"is":[117],"argued":[118],"instructors":[120],"should":[121],"acknowledge":[122],"machine":[125],"an":[127],"explicit":[128],"objective":[130],"address":[132],"it":[133],"teaching.":[135],"Teaching":[136],"within":[137],"some":[138,159],"paradigms,":[140],"such":[141],"object-oriented":[143],"may":[145],"benefit":[146],"from":[147],"using":[148],"multiple":[149],"at":[152],"different":[153],"levels":[154],"abstraction.":[156],"Pointers":[157],"promising":[160],"pedagogical":[161],"techniques":[162],"provided.":[164]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":62},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-17T08:01:34.144755","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}