{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2142295265","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2160673.2160694","title":"An analysis of screen reader use in India","display_name":"An analysis of screen reader use in India","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-03-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2142295265","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2160673.2160694","mag":"2142295265"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/2160673.2160694","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2160673.2160694","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/95718","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086023358","display_name":"Ted McCarthy","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Ann Arbor","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ted McCarthy","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058437817","display_name":"Joyojeet Pal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9076-2046"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Ann Arbor","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joyojeet Pal","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075578556","display_name":"Tanvi Marballi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90965887","display_name":"SUNY Polytechnic Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/000fxgx19","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90965887"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57206974","display_name":"New York University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190ak572","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tanvi Marballi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Polytechnic Institute of New York University, Brooklyn, NY"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Polytechnic Institute of New York University, Brooklyn, NY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90965887","https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023381858","display_name":"Edward Cutrell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9053-6057"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124949","display_name":"Microsoft Research (India)","ror":"https://ror.org/02w7f3w92","country_code":"IN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210124949"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}],"countries":["IN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edward Cutrell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Research India, Bangalore, India","Microsoft Research india, Bangalore, India#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Research India, Bangalore, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124949"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Research india, Bangalore, India#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5086023358"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.4999,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88610039,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"149","last_page":"158"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11675","display_name":"Open Source Software Innovations","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11675","display_name":"Open Source Software Innovations","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11499","display_name":"ICT Impact and Policies","score":0.9886000156402588,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14147","display_name":"Innovative Approaches in Technology and Social Development","score":0.9851999878883362,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.701225757598877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.6883849501609802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-source-software","display_name":"Open source software","score":0.6061567664146423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.5673645734786987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/term","display_name":"Term (time)","score":0.494841992855072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-source","display_name":"Open source","score":0.46572941541671753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/qualitative-analysis","display_name":"Qualitative analysis","score":0.4399811625480652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.4323011636734009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-quality","display_name":"Software quality","score":0.4265725910663605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.41260042786598206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.36060184240341187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.3448249101638794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.32234621047973633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-development","display_name":"Software development","score":0.30834460258483887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/qualitative-research","display_name":"Qualitative research","score":0.3032020628452301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.13691258430480957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-science","display_name":"Social science","score":0.10083293914794922}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.701225757598877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.6883849501609802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988343187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130645","display_name":"Open source software","level":3,"score":0.6061567664146423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5673645734786987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61797465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1188986","display_name":"Term (time)","level":2,"score":0.494841992855072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018397939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3644502","display_name":"Open source","level":3,"score":0.46572941541671753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018587665","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7268696","display_name":"Qualitative analysis","level":3,"score":0.4399811625480652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.4323011636734009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117447612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1412670","display_name":"Software quality","level":4,"score":0.4265725910663605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.41260042786598206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.36060184240341187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.3448249101638794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.32234621047973633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.30834460258483887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190248442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q839486","display_name":"Qualitative research","level":2,"score":0.3032020628452301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.13691258430480957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.10083293914794922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/2160673.2160694","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2160673.2160694","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:deepblue.lib.umich.edu:2027.42/95718","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/95718","pdf_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/95718","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400393","display_name":"Deep Blue (University of Michigan)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","host_organization_name":"University of Michigan","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:deepblue.lib.umich.edu:2027.42/95718","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/95718","pdf_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/95718","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400393","display_name":"Deep Blue (University of Michigan)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","host_organization_name":"University of Michigan","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2142295265.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W151818078","https://openalex.org/W329676315","https://openalex.org/W361587460","https://openalex.org/W1482328393","https://openalex.org/W1963638233","https://openalex.org/W1989218902","https://openalex.org/W2000052498","https://openalex.org/W2001841169","https://openalex.org/W2019488009","https://openalex.org/W2056188449","https://openalex.org/W2083408700","https://openalex.org/W2120787072","https://openalex.org/W2120983913","https://openalex.org/W2164588508","https://openalex.org/W2336187660","https://openalex.org/W3018965553"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4376877853","https://openalex.org/W1493891899","https://openalex.org/W4250928611","https://openalex.org/W166480398","https://openalex.org/W1612808768","https://openalex.org/W167327709","https://openalex.org/W1977393088","https://openalex.org/W4387839566","https://openalex.org/W4210922265","https://openalex.org/W2288962794"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,107,133],"present":[1,113],"the":[2,25,39,45,54,65,69,72,92,117,120,136,158,167,177,189],"results":[3,114],"of":[4,14,27,33,74,96,103,122,145,161],"two":[5,34,55,171],"surveys":[6],"and":[7,44,58,85,112,124,164],"a":[8],"qualitative":[9],"interview-based":[10],"study":[11],"with":[12,185],"users":[13,32],"screen":[15,162],"readers":[16,163],"in":[17,24,64,91,176,188],"India.":[18],"Our":[19],"early":[20],"interviews":[21],"moved":[22],"us":[23],"direction":[26],"examining":[28],"patterns":[29],"that":[30,115],"differentiate":[31],"particular":[35],"software":[36,109,130,149],"applications":[37,172],"--":[38],"dominant":[40,148],"market":[41],"standard":[42],"JAWS":[43,139],"free,":[46],"open":[47,151],"source":[48,152],"challenger":[49],"NVDA.":[50],"A":[51],"comparison":[52,168],"between":[53,119,169],"is":[56,173],"timely":[57],"particularly":[59,174],"relevant":[60],"to":[61,101,127,140,142,150],"issues":[62,95],"elsewhere":[63],"developing":[66,190],"world.":[67,191],"In":[68,154],"short":[70],"term,":[71,94],"question":[73],"choosing":[75],"one":[76,129],"application":[77],"over":[78,131],"another":[79],"could":[80],"be":[81,102],"based":[82],"on":[83,179],"price":[84],"support":[86,98],"for":[87,183],"custom-made":[88],"applications,":[89],"but":[90],"long":[93],"language":[97],"are":[99],"likely":[100],"concern":[104],"as":[105],"well.":[106],"explore":[108],"adoption":[110],"behavior":[111],"show":[116],"relationship":[118],"quality":[121],"audio":[123],"peoples'":[125],"willingness":[126],"use":[128],"another.":[132],"also":[134],"compare":[135],"switch":[137],"from":[138,147],"NVDA":[141],"other":[143],"kinds":[144],"switches":[146],"options.":[153],"conclusion,":[155],"we":[156],"discuss":[157],"business":[159],"aspects":[160],"examine":[165],"why":[166],"these":[170],"important":[175],"discussion":[178],"accessible":[180],"personal":[181],"computing":[182],"people":[184],"vision":[186],"impairments":[187]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-14T08:04:32.555800","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}