{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2012616239","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/75427.1030296","title":"Free logic is a natural logic","display_name":"Free logic is a natural logic","publication_year":1989,"publication_date":"1989-02-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2012616239","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/75427.1030296","mag":"2012616239"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:2012616239","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/acm/csc89.html#Gumb89","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306523556","display_name":"Proceedings of the 17th conference on ACM Annual Computer Science Conference","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 17th conference on ACM Annual Computer Science Conference","raw_type":null},"type":"article","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087473897","display_name":"Raymond D. Gumb","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133738476","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Lowell","ror":"https://ror.org/03hamhx47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133738476"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Raymond D. Gumb","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Lowell"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Lowell","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133738476"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5087473897"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133738476"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.21671018,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"466","last_page":"466"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10126","display_name":"Logic, programming, and type systems","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10126","display_name":"Logic, programming, and type systems","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11010","display_name":"Logic, Reasoning, and Knowledge","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11727","display_name":"Advanced Algebra and Logic","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/predicate-logic","display_name":"Predicate logic","score":0.5750723481178284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/many-valued-logic","display_name":"Many-valued logic","score":0.5692442655563354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy-of-logic","display_name":"Philosophy of logic","score":0.5624407529830933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-logic","display_name":"Dynamic logic (digital electronics)","score":0.5352020859718323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimodal-logic","display_name":"Multimodal logic","score":0.5119220018386841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/presupposition","display_name":"Presupposition","score":0.5063813924789429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intermediate-logic","display_name":"Intermediate logic","score":0.49574407935142517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.4467931091785431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/predicate-functor-logic","display_name":"Predicate functor logic","score":0.42682477831840515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/higher-order-logic","display_name":"Higher-order logic","score":0.4257248342037201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","score":0.4252951741218567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.423453152179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modal-logic","display_name":"Modal logic","score":0.42294543981552124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/substructural-logic","display_name":"Substructural logic","score":0.4217239320278168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-deduction","display_name":"Natural deduction","score":0.41772863268852234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autoepistemic-logic","display_name":"Autoepistemic logic","score":0.38615745306015015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.37962767481803894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/description-logic","display_name":"Description logic","score":0.3427388668060303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.2815681993961334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.2754848003387451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2520475387573242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.24730762839317322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-mathematics","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","score":0.22706672549247742}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19689857","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4055684","display_name":"Predicate logic","level":3,"score":0.5750723481178284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150889026","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185502","display_name":"Many-valued logic","level":3,"score":0.5692442655563354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101874905","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2476757","display_name":"Philosophy of logic","level":2,"score":0.5624407529830933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777796570","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2351326","display_name":"Dynamic logic (digital electronics)","level":4,"score":0.5352020859718323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203659156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6934805","display_name":"Multimodal logic","level":3,"score":0.5119220018386841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21190884","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1076131","display_name":"Presupposition","level":2,"score":0.5063813924789429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33203268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5361594","display_name":"Intermediate logic","level":3,"score":0.49574407935142517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.4467931091785431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2039508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239631","display_name":"Predicate functor logic","level":5,"score":0.42682477831840515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169896238","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1644136","display_name":"Higher-order logic","level":3,"score":0.4257248342037201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776608160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785462","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.4252951741218567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.423453152179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27508121","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210841","display_name":"Modal logic","level":3,"score":0.42294543981552124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144760519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q839490","display_name":"Substructural logic","level":4,"score":0.4217239320278168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62073222","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1572108","display_name":"Natural deduction","level":2,"score":0.41772863268852234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3845977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4826262","display_name":"Autoepistemic logic","level":4,"score":0.38615745306015015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.37962767481803894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102993220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q387196","display_name":"Description logic","level":2,"score":0.3427388668060303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.2815681993961334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.2754848003387451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2520475387573242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.24730762839317322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.22706672549247742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71139939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q910194","display_name":"Modal","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172385210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5339","display_name":"Transistor","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188027245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750446","display_name":"Polymer chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:2012616239","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/acm/csc89.html#Gumb89","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306523556","display_name":"Proceedings of the 17th conference on ACM Annual Computer Science Conference","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 17th conference on ACM Annual Computer Science Conference","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.49000000953674316,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":6,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W589540477","https://openalex.org/W1544020076","https://openalex.org/W1972221707","https://openalex.org/W2034512143","https://openalex.org/W2062904988","https://openalex.org/W2985302958"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2132616326","https://openalex.org/W60282478","https://openalex.org/W2055902822","https://openalex.org/W2588756959","https://openalex.org/W1589257667","https://openalex.org/W2129605919","https://openalex.org/W2015274054","https://openalex.org/W3201792443","https://openalex.org/W2952468129","https://openalex.org/W61228018","https://openalex.org/W2007637032","https://openalex.org/W1981961379","https://openalex.org/W2155359800","https://openalex.org/W1560898921","https://openalex.org/W61627962","https://openalex.org/W1968914536","https://openalex.org/W2078730256","https://openalex.org/W2017418014","https://openalex.org/W2141444450","https://openalex.org/W1585511831"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"'Free'":[0],"logic":[1,18,43],"derives":[2],"its":[3],"name":[4],"from":[5],"the":[6,13,20,31],"fact":[7],"that":[8],"it":[9],"is":[10],"'free'":[11],"of":[12,16,33],"existence":[14],"presuppositions":[15],"quantified":[17],"with":[19],"standard":[21],"(usual)":[22],"quantifiers.":[23],"Since":[24],"individual":[25],"terms":[26],"need":[27],"not":[28],"denote":[29],"and":[30],"domain":[32],"discourse":[34],"can":[35],"be":[36],"empty":[37],"in":[38],"free":[39,42],"(classical)":[40],"logic,":[41],"provides":[44],"a":[45],"natural":[46],"framework":[47],"for":[48],"describing":[49],"partial":[50],"functions.":[51]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-28T14:05:53.105641","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}