{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7164006963","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3820771","title":"PredComp: Predicting Compiler Optimization Options with Multi-stage Learning","display_name":"PredComp: Predicting Compiler Optimization Options with Multi-stage Learning","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7164006963","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3820771"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3820771","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3820771","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S26056741","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization","issn_l":"1544-3566","issn":["1544-3566","1544-3973"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3820771","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111477465","display_name":"B. Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3491-1384"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bingyu Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Peking University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3491-1384","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Peking University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100338337","display_name":"Zi Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7361-1406"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ziming Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Peking University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1794-213X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Peking University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115601905","display_name":"Mengyu Yao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8220-3470"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mengyu Yao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Peking University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8220-3470","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Peking University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119893271","display_name":"Zhihong Xue","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75746372","display_name":"ZTE (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/0518yg160","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098582","https://openalex.org/I75746372"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhihong Xue","raw_affiliation_strings":["ZTE Corporation"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5735-2498","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ZTE Corporation","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75746372"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101636662","display_name":"Xiangqun Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7366-5906"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiangqun Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Peking University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7366-5906","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Peking University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039182822","display_name":"Ding Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7558-9137"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ding Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Peking University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7558-9137","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Peking University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021450973","display_name":"Yao Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5064-5286"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yao Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Peking University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5064-5286","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Peking University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73936944,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"2","first_page":"1","last_page":"25"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.7196000218391418,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.7196000218391418,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10126","display_name":"Logic, programming, and type systems","score":0.11389999836683273,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10904","display_name":"Embedded Systems Design Techniques","score":0.02280000038444996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.7391999959945679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/divide-and-conquer-algorithms","display_name":"Divide and conquer algorithms","score":0.7222999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compiler","display_name":"Compiler","score":0.684499979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimizing-compiler","display_name":"Optimizing compiler","score":0.5665000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/construct","display_name":"Construct (python library)","score":0.4742000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.4293999969959259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/loop-optimization","display_name":"Loop optimization","score":0.385699987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convergence","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","score":0.37540000677108765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/program-optimization","display_name":"Program optimization","score":0.365200012922287}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8877999782562256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.7391999959945679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71559656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q671298","display_name":"Divide and conquer algorithms","level":2,"score":0.7222999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169590947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47506","display_name":"Compiler","level":2,"score":0.684499979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190902152","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1325106","display_name":"Optimizing compiler","level":3,"score":0.5665000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.4742000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.4293999969959259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29331672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3354468","display_name":"Loop optimization","level":4,"score":0.385699987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.37540000677108765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139571649","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1156793","display_name":"Program optimization","level":3,"score":0.365200012922287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780980858","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q110022","display_name":"Dual (grammatical number)","level":2,"score":0.34850001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.3472000062465668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.3465999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12362212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q728435","display_name":"Linear subspace","level":2,"score":0.33880001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779982483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6094420","display_name":"Iterative refinement","level":2,"score":0.32519999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989134064","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q288510","display_name":"Execution time","level":2,"score":0.3240000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.2906999886035919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2874999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.27799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97686452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7604153","display_name":"Static analysis","level":2,"score":0.27799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.27790001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.2694999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98183937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2112188","display_name":"Program analysis","level":2,"score":0.26019999384880066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164752517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5570875","display_name":"Global optimization","level":2,"score":0.2515999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13670688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3500548","display_name":"Space partitioning","level":2,"score":0.25099998712539673}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3820771","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3820771","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S26056741","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization","issn_l":"1544-3566","issn":["1544-3566","1544-3973"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3820771","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3820771","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S26056741","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization","issn_l":"1544-3566","issn":["1544-3566","1544-3973"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313887","display_name":"ZTE Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/00rjhhq63"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2063397164","https://openalex.org/W2093708648","https://openalex.org/W2100218206","https://openalex.org/W2168519934","https://openalex.org/W2512971201","https://openalex.org/W2751901133","https://openalex.org/W2783614532","https://openalex.org/W2796645376","https://openalex.org/W2951645301","https://openalex.org/W2962724414","https://openalex.org/W3035590471","https://openalex.org/W3086481683","https://openalex.org/W4206275166","https://openalex.org/W4214617101","https://openalex.org/W4224903584","https://openalex.org/W4388483669","https://openalex.org/W4407942537"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Standard":[0],"compiler":[1],"optimization":[2,12],"levels,":[3],"such":[4],"as":[5],"-O3":[6,191],",":[7,91],"which":[8,54],"provides":[9],"a":[10,35,63,69,92,151,193,219],"fixed":[11],"strategy":[13],"for":[14,46,222],"all":[15],"programs,":[16],"often":[17],"fail":[18],"to":[19,103,166,201,213],"deliver":[20,28],"the":[21,86,98,110,124],"optimal":[22],"performance.":[23],"Compiler":[24],"auto-tuning":[25],"techniques":[26],"can":[27],"substantial":[29],"speedups,":[30],"but":[31],"existing":[32],"methods":[33,61,204],"present":[34],"difficult":[36],"tradeoff.":[37],"While":[38],"dynamic":[39,202],"iterative":[40,203],"approaches":[41],"are":[42],"effective,":[43],"their":[44,56,121,144],"requirement":[45],"repeated":[47],"compilation":[48],"and":[49,73,80,100,143,163,178,224],"execution":[50],"incurs":[51],"high":[52],"overhead,":[53],"limits":[55],"practicality.":[57],"Conversely,":[58],"static":[59,94,217],"prediction":[60,125,218],"offer":[62],"low-overhead":[64],"alternative.":[65],"However,":[66],"they":[67],"face":[68],"vast":[70],"search":[71,111],"space":[72,112],"must":[74],"comprehensively":[75],"learn":[76],"both":[77],"option-option":[78],"interactions":[79,142,162],"option-program":[81],"feature":[82],"relationships.":[83],"To":[84],"overcome":[85],"challenge,":[87],"we":[88],"propose":[89],"PredComp":[90,108,184],"novel":[93],"framework":[95],"that":[96,154,183],"leverages":[97],"divide":[99],"conquer":[101],"paradigm":[102],"predict":[104],"desired":[105,169],"option":[106,132,141,161],"sets.":[107,170],"decomposes":[109],"by":[113],"partitioning":[114],"options":[115],"into":[116],"distinct":[117],"subspaces":[118],"based":[119],"on":[120,139,172],"relationships,":[122],"making":[123,216],"problem":[126],"tractable.":[127],"It":[128],"first":[129],"predicts":[130],"promising":[131],"sub-sets":[133],"within":[134],"each":[135],"subspace,":[136],"focusing":[137],"only":[138],"intra-subspace":[140],"preferred":[145],"program":[146],"features.":[147],"Then,":[148],"it":[149,197],"adopts":[150],"combination":[152],"model":[153],"aggregates":[155],"these":[156],"top-ranked":[157],"sub-sets,":[158],"prioritizes":[159],"inter-subspace":[160],"corresponding":[164],"features":[165],"construct":[167],"globally":[168],"Experiments":[171],"three":[173],"widely":[174],"used":[175],"benchmark":[176],"suites":[177],"one":[179],"real-world":[180],"application":[181],"show":[182],"achieves":[185,198],"average":[186],"speedups":[187],"of":[188],"1.1011\u00d7":[189],"over":[190],"with":[192],"single":[194],"prediction.":[195],"Notably,":[196],"performance":[199],"comparable":[200],"while":[205],"reducing":[206],"tuning":[207],"time":[208],"from":[209],"hours":[210],"or":[211],"days":[212],"seconds,":[214],"thereby":[215],"practical":[220],"solution":[221],"large-scale":[223],"frequently":[225],"evolving":[226],"software.":[227]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T06:17:10.115597","created_date":"2026-06-10T00:00:00"}