{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7169874579","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3820441.3820453","title":"Not All Flows are Worth N Packets: Robust Encrypted Traffic Classification via Dynamic Patch-level Feature Learning","display_name":"Not All Flows are Worth N Packets: Robust Encrypted Traffic Classification via Dynamic Patch-level Feature Learning","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-07-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7169874579","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3820441.3820453"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3820441.3820453","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3820441.3820453","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 10th Asia-Pacific Workshop on Networking","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3820441.3820453","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037550156","display_name":"Mingyu Qiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7271-899X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090176","display_name":"Institute of Computing Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0090r4d87","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingyu Qiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0336-2426","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090176","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024464918","display_name":"Zulong Diao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6581-7511"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121296143","display_name":"Hunan University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02m9vrb24","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121296143"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zulong Diao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6581-7511","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121296143"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106486109","display_name":"Guangxing Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2789-1723"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090176","display_name":"Institute of Computing Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0090r4d87","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guangxing Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2789-1723","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5141287378","display_name":"Le Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3131-9508"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146655781","display_name":"University of Liverpool","ror":"https://ror.org/04xs57h96","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I69356397","display_name":"Xi\u2019an Jiaotong-Liverpool University","ror":"https://ror.org/03zmrmn05","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I69356397"]}],"countries":["CN","GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Le Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom and Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3131-9508","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom and Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146655781","https://openalex.org/I69356397"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111114902","display_name":"Kai Lv","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7675-5711"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090176","display_name":"Institute of Computing Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0090r4d87","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kai Lv","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7675-5711","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5141273454","display_name":"Xiao Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8255-2681"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173911158","display_name":"Iowa State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rswrd78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiao Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Iowa State University, Ames, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8255-2681","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Iowa State University, Ames, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5141249732","display_name":"Yi Gong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4809-7799"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090176","display_name":"Institute of Computing Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0090r4d87","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Gong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4809-7799","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136106264","display_name":"H Q Jiang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090176","display_name":"Institute of Computing Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0090r4d87","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haiyang Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4373-5717","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5141237953","display_name":"Junwei Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7595-9072"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90259746","display_name":"Capital University of Economics and Business","ror":"https://ror.org/01r5sf951","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90259746"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junwei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Capital University of Economics and Business, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7595-9072","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Capital University of Economics and Business, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90259746"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100330770","display_name":"Zhenyu Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9959-1124"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090176","display_name":"Institute of Computing Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0090r4d87","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenyu Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9959-1124","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210090176"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030689390","display_name":"Gaogang Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4964-1135"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108629","display_name":"Computer Network Information Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01s0wyf50","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210108629"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gaogang Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Network Information Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4964-1135","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Network Information Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210108629"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"82","last_page":"88"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":null,"topics":[],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.7163000106811523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-classification","display_name":"Traffic classification","score":0.6639000177383423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.597100019454956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.5152999758720398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rendering","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","score":0.4672999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.42660000920295715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.38499999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.35899999737739563}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7268000245094299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.7163000106811523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169988225","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7832484","display_name":"Traffic classification","level":3,"score":0.6639000177383423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.597100019454956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.5842000246047974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.5152999758720398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205711294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176953","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","level":2,"score":0.4672999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.45669999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.42660000920295715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.38499999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.35899999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.357699990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63969886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3536440","display_name":"Internet traffic","level":3,"score":0.34040001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.3077000081539154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.2930999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114809511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1412924","display_name":"Flow network","level":2,"score":0.29089999198913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781317605","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7832483","display_name":"Traffic analysis","level":2,"score":0.2904999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.2888000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.2646999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204673680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1628107","display_name":"Airfield traffic pattern","level":2,"score":0.26089999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176715033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2080768","display_name":"Traffic generation model","level":2,"score":0.2587999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182590292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q989632","display_name":"Network security","level":2,"score":0.2538999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59404180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17013334","display_name":"Feature learning","level":2,"score":0.25380000472068787}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3820441.3820453","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3820441.3820453","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 10th Asia-Pacific Workshop on Networking","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3820441.3820453","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3820441.3820453","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 10th Asia-Pacific Workshop on Networking","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G464876957","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62572187","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8846516752","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022YFB3104805","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2190207511","https://openalex.org/W2606697812","https://openalex.org/W2783301790","https://openalex.org/W2897230315","https://openalex.org/W2912386632","https://openalex.org/W2919493784","https://openalex.org/W4224315052","https://openalex.org/W4312767053","https://openalex.org/W4312935532","https://openalex.org/W4382239858","https://openalex.org/W4385624909","https://openalex.org/W4409474994","https://openalex.org/W4410492229","https://openalex.org/W4411337269","https://openalex.org/W4413757098"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Network":[0],"traffic":[1,28,70,91,150,160,187],"classification":[2,29,36,92,198,205],"is":[3,61,155],"significant":[4],"for":[5],"modern":[6],"network":[7],"security.":[8],"The":[9,152,180],"widespread":[10],"use":[11],"of":[12,24,43,69,135],"encryption":[13],"protocols,":[14],"such":[15,78],"as":[16,79],"TLS,":[17],"has":[18],"resulted":[19],"in":[20,75,147,170],"fewer":[21],"identifiable":[22],"features":[23,42],"traffic,":[25],"rendering":[26],"encrypted":[27,90],"a":[30,88,102,114,142,174],"challenging":[31],"task.":[32],"However,":[33],"existing":[34,209],"flow-level":[35],"methods":[37],"typically":[38],"rely":[39],"on":[40,159,183],"the":[41,44,66,126,133,136],"first":[45,100],"N":[46],"packets.":[47],"This":[48],"fixed-length":[49],"paradigm,":[50],"truncating":[51],"long":[52],"flows":[53,57],"and":[54,130,162,178,196],"padding":[55],"short":[56],"with":[58],"invalid":[59],"data,":[60],"difficult":[62],"to":[63,65,107,121,149,167,208],"adapt":[64],"dynamic":[67,95,144],"distribution":[68],"length,":[71],"which":[72,112],"limits":[73],"robustness":[74,109,195],"interference":[76],"environments":[77],"packet":[80],"loss.":[81],"Considering":[82],"this":[83],"limitation,":[84],"we":[85],"propose":[86,141],"DART,":[87],"robust":[89,103],"method":[93,106],"via":[94],"patch-level":[96,123],"feature":[97,104,137],"learning.":[98],"We":[99,139],"design":[101],"representation":[105],"improve":[108],"against":[110],"interference,":[111],"divides":[113],"flow":[115],"into":[116],"multiple":[117],"sub-flows":[118],"named":[119],"patches":[120],"extract":[122],"features,":[124],"replacing":[125],"interference-prone":[127],"packet-by-packet":[128],"sequence":[129],"significantly":[131],"reducing":[132],"length":[134],"sequence.":[138],"also":[140],"sample-adaptive":[143],"inference":[145],"mechanism":[146],"response":[148],"heterogeneity.":[151],"input":[153],"scale":[154],"adaptively":[156],"selected":[157],"based":[158],"complexity,":[161],"simple":[163],"samples":[164],"are":[165],"allowed":[166],"exit":[168],"early":[169],"shallow":[171],"layers,":[172],"achieving":[173],"balance":[175],"between":[176],"accuracy":[177,199],"efficiency.":[179],"experimental":[181],"results":[182],"two":[184],"public":[185],"malware":[186],"datasets":[188],"demonstrate":[189],"that":[190],"DART":[191],"exhibits":[192],"excellent":[193],"anti-interference":[194],"improves":[197],"by":[200],"6.59%-30.51%,":[201],"while":[202],"maintaining":[203],"high":[204],"efficiency":[206],"compared":[207],"mainstream":[210],"methods.":[211]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2026-07-22T00:00:00"}
