{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7169862347","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3816046.3816232","title":"Reaching the last mile? How Design Decisions Shape Medical Device Qualification and Classification of Patient Support Chatbots In The EU","display_name":"Reaching the last mile? How Design Decisions Shape Medical Device Qualification and Classification of Patient Support Chatbots In The EU","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-07-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7169862347","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3816046.3816232"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3816046.3816232","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3816046.3816232","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 8th ACM Conference on Conversational User Interfaces","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3816046.3816232","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102939063","display_name":"Milo Marsfeldt Skovfoged","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5488-919X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I891191580","display_name":"Aalborg University","ror":"https://ror.org/04m5j1k67","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I891191580"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Milo Marsfeldt Skovfoged","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Architecture, Design, and Media Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5488-919X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Architecture, Design, and Media Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I891191580"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032304732","display_name":"Franti\u0161ek Kasl","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6675-9528"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21449261","display_name":"Masaryk University","ror":"https://ror.org/02j46qs45","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21449261"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frantisek Kasl","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Law and Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6675-9528","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Law and Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21449261"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061501324","display_name":"Michal Ko\u0161\u010d\u00edk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9243-6391"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21449261","display_name":"Masaryk University","ror":"https://ror.org/02j46qs45","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21449261"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michal Ko\u0161\u010d\u00edk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Law and Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9243-6391","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Law and Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21449261"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085804005","display_name":"Pavel Loutock\u00fd","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4965-1467"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21449261","display_name":"Masaryk University","ror":"https://ror.org/02j46qs45","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21449261"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pavel Loutocky","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Law and Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4965-1467","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Law and Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21449261"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025957661","display_name":"V\u00e1clav Stupka","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1458-1507"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21449261","display_name":"Masaryk University","ror":"https://ror.org/02j46qs45","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21449261"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vaclav Stupka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Law and Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1458-1507","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Law and Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21449261"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068657718","display_name":"Robert Mikul\u00edk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7458-5166"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Mikulik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Health Management Institute, Brno, Czech Republic"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7458-5166","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Health Management Institute, Brno, Czech Republic","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078443928","display_name":"Hendrik Knoche","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3950-8453"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I891191580","display_name":"Aalborg University","ror":"https://ror.org/04m5j1k67","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I891191580"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hendrik Knoche","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Architecture, Design and Media Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3950-8453","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Architecture, Design and Media Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I891191580"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"17"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":null,"topics":[],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chatbot","display_name":"Chatbot","score":0.8999999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proactivity","display_name":"Proactivity","score":0.6675000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-device","display_name":"Medical device","score":0.5268999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretation","display_name":"Interpretation (philosophy)","score":0.44519999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.3847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/space","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","score":0.3440000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/legislation","display_name":"Legislation","score":0.3337000012397766}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779041454","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q870780","display_name":"Chatbot","level":2,"score":0.8999999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142944206","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1786137","display_name":"Proactivity","level":2,"score":0.6675000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020535179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6554101","display_name":"Medical device","level":2,"score":0.5268999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527412718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q855395","display_name":"Interpretation (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.44519999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.44269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.40130001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.3847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3515999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.3440000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777351106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49371","display_name":"Legislation","level":2,"score":0.3337000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3328000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779760435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5396169","display_name":"Minor (academic)","level":2,"score":0.32030001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195094911","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904","display_name":"Process management","level":1,"score":0.3046000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.29750001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.289000004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779328685","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1475557","display_name":"Patient safety","level":3,"score":0.2872999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.2840999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.27720001339912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.274399995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107327155","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q330268","display_name":"Decision support system","level":2,"score":0.26179999113082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.2596000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.25760000944137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778049185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2334719","display_name":"Legal case","level":2,"score":0.2567000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56666940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788790","display_name":"Documentation","level":2,"score":0.2533999979496002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31352089","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3750474","display_name":"Systems design","level":2,"score":0.2517000138759613}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3816046.3816232","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3816046.3816232","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 8th ACM Conference on Conversational User Interfaces","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire/f1402836-7606-4ef6-a848-9cc078483d46","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://vbn.aau.dk/da/publications/f1402836-7606-4ef6-a848-9cc078483d46","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401731","display_name":"VBN Forskningsportal (Aalborg Universitet)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I891191580","host_organization_name":"Aalborg University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I891191580"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3816046.3816232","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3816046.3816232","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 8th ACM Conference on Conversational User Interfaces","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":81,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1896530264","https://openalex.org/W2002749269","https://openalex.org/W2013689853","https://openalex.org/W2020396396","https://openalex.org/W2028862973","https://openalex.org/W2034204383","https://openalex.org/W2041311794","https://openalex.org/W2048282615","https://openalex.org/W2060903226","https://openalex.org/W2084728935","https://openalex.org/W2128506806","https://openalex.org/W2134114270","https://openalex.org/W2167238703","https://openalex.org/W2258902651","https://openalex.org/W2519347070","https://openalex.org/W2529058247","https://openalex.org/W2732573701","https://openalex.org/W2899320385","https://openalex.org/W2940530202","https://openalex.org/W2972141722","https://openalex.org/W2974761455","https://openalex.org/W2982580298","https://openalex.org/W2984135870","https://openalex.org/W3005176269","https://openalex.org/W3010134781","https://openalex.org/W3013578857","https://openalex.org/W3019462843","https://openalex.org/W3028484854","https://openalex.org/W3033410427","https://openalex.org/W3048100966","https://openalex.org/W3089665332","https://openalex.org/W3090433062","https://openalex.org/W3095503508","https://openalex.org/W3121368818","https://openalex.org/W3130274751","https://openalex.org/W3134553592","https://openalex.org/W3170233936","https://openalex.org/W3182888764","https://openalex.org/W3185034189","https://openalex.org/W3186135750","https://openalex.org/W3200177029","https://openalex.org/W3205658047","https://openalex.org/W4205679663","https://openalex.org/W4220882633","https://openalex.org/W4229441926","https://openalex.org/W4244974203","https://openalex.org/W4304842758","https://openalex.org/W4306949810","https://openalex.org/W4307232107","https://openalex.org/W4313545847","https://openalex.org/W4318616691","https://openalex.org/W4321748146","https://openalex.org/W4361000349","https://openalex.org/W4376872703","https://openalex.org/W4381805620","https://openalex.org/W4382777640","https://openalex.org/W4386229473","https://openalex.org/W4388018078","https://openalex.org/W4391105189","https://openalex.org/W4399465031","https://openalex.org/W4400396841","https://openalex.org/W4400396858","https://openalex.org/W4401356683","https://openalex.org/W4401413475","https://openalex.org/W4402313440","https://openalex.org/W4402842900","https://openalex.org/W4403737899","https://openalex.org/W4403956837","https://openalex.org/W4404303601","https://openalex.org/W4405833218","https://openalex.org/W4407833429","https://openalex.org/W4409595518","https://openalex.org/W4409723291","https://openalex.org/W4410247904","https://openalex.org/W4411801306","https://openalex.org/W4412046160","https://openalex.org/W4412595589","https://openalex.org/W4412983000","https://openalex.org/W4417362038","https://openalex.org/W7131623172","https://openalex.org/W7134196782"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Few":[0],"AI":[1,89],"chatbots":[2,148],"have":[3],"transitioned":[4],"the":[5,44,77,151],"\u2019last":[6,152],"mile\u2019":[7],"from":[8],"research":[9],"prototypes":[10],"to":[11,20,141],"clinical":[12],"practice,":[13],"partly":[14],"because":[15],"mapping":[16],"conversational":[17,60,117],"design":[18,98,118,134],"decisions":[19,99],"regulatory":[21,30,109,121],"requirements":[22],"is":[23],"complicated.":[24],"This":[25],"paper":[26,112],"presents":[27],"a":[28,33],"design-oriented":[29],"analysis":[31],"of":[32],"chatbot":[34],"supporting":[35],"stroke":[36],"survivors.":[37],"Using":[38],"Design":[39],"Space":[40],"Analysis":[41],"operationalised":[42],"through":[43],"QOC":[45,126],"(Questions,":[46],"Options,":[47],"Criteria)":[48],"framework,":[49],"HCI":[50],"researchers":[51],"and":[52,67,74,88,105,123],"legal":[53,130],"scholars":[54],"assess":[55],"how":[56,125],"variations":[57],"in":[58],"three":[59],"functions":[61],"\u2014":[62,71,100,107],"health":[63],"Q&A,":[64],"recovery":[65],"monitoring,":[66],"motivating":[68],"medical":[69],"adherence":[70],"influence":[72,108],"qualification":[73],"classification":[75],"under":[76],"European":[78],"Medical":[79],"Device":[80],"Regulation":[81,86],"(MDR),":[82],"General":[83],"Data":[84],"Protection":[85],"(GDPR),":[87],"Act":[90],"(AIA).":[91],"Our":[92],"findings":[93],"show":[94],"that":[95],"seemingly":[96],"minor":[97],"such":[101],"as":[102],"role,":[103],"actionability,":[104],"proactivity":[106],"obligations.":[110],"The":[111],"contributes":[113],"insights":[114],"into":[115,132],"ten":[116],"considerations":[119,131],"influencing":[120],"interpretation":[122],"demonstrates":[124],"can":[127],"support":[128],"integrating":[129],"human-centred":[133],"workflows.":[135],"Finally,":[136],"we":[137],"suggest":[138],"compliance-aware":[139],"pathways":[140],"market,":[142],"while":[143],"reflecting":[144],"on":[145],"whether":[146],"all":[147],"should":[149],"pursue":[150],"mile\u2019.":[153]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-13T07:04:57.449891","created_date":"2026-07-22T00:00:00"}