{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7161271957","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3816026","title":"A Systematic Review of Intrusion Detection Systems for Internet of Medical Things: Performance, Efficiency, Explainability, and Generalization","display_name":"A Systematic Review of Intrusion Detection Systems for Internet of Medical Things: Performance, Efficiency, Explainability, and Generalization","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7161271957","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3816026"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3816026","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3816026","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210235901","display_name":"Digital Threats Research and Practice","issn_l":"2576-5337","issn":["2576-5337","2692-1626"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Digital Threats: Research and Practice","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3816026","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119500689","display_name":"Oswald Adohinzin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125467818","display_name":"Dakota State University","ror":"https://ror.org/016yv6y68","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125467818"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Oswald Adohinzin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beacom College, Dakota State University, Madison, South Dakota, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4677-8435","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beacom College, Dakota State University, Madison, South Dakota, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125467818"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123707347","display_name":"Youssef Harrath","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125467818","display_name":"Dakota State University","ror":"https://ror.org/016yv6y68","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125467818"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Youssef Harrath","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beacom College, Dakota State University, Madison, South Dakota, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6784-6199","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beacom College, Dakota State University, Madison, South Dakota, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125467818"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125467818"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.47744946,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"2","first_page":"1","last_page":"38"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11932","display_name":"Wireless Body Area Networks","score":0.131400004029274,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11932","display_name":"Wireless Body Area Networks","score":0.131400004029274,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.11860000342130661,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.08139999955892563,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmarking","display_name":"Benchmarking","score":0.7300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.649399995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.5419999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"Anomaly detection","score":0.46810001134872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.46380001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.38589999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.38029998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-informatics","display_name":"Health informatics","score":0.37619999051094055}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7473000288009644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.7300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.649399995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.5419999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.46810001134872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.46380001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.41670000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.4059999883174896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.40470001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.38589999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.38029998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145642194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q870895","display_name":"Health informatics","level":3,"score":0.37619999051094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.3675999939441681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189708586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1504425","display_name":"Systematic review","level":3,"score":0.3659000098705292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58642233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8269924","display_name":"Taxonomy (biology)","level":2,"score":0.35179999470710754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190812933","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28923","display_name":"Chart","level":2,"score":0.3287000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3066999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.3061000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.29170000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107327155","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q330268","display_name":"Decision support system","level":2,"score":0.28600001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.28299999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.2818000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71745522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2476929","display_name":"Confidentiality","level":2,"score":0.2572000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C547195049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1725664","display_name":"Terminology","level":2,"score":0.2524000108242035}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3816026","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3816026","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210235901","display_name":"Digital Threats Research and Practice","issn_l":"2576-5337","issn":["2576-5337","2692-1626"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Digital Threats: Research and Practice","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3816026","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3816026","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210235901","display_name":"Digital Threats Research and Practice","issn_l":"2576-5337","issn":["2576-5337","2692-1626"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Digital Threats: Research and Practice","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.5473016500473022}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2164777277","https://openalex.org/W2979729503","https://openalex.org/W3006191871","https://openalex.org/W3015392399","https://openalex.org/W3087990969","https://openalex.org/W3110885177","https://openalex.org/W3190323067","https://openalex.org/W3213173707","https://openalex.org/W4224019251","https://openalex.org/W4283030397","https://openalex.org/W4283213314","https://openalex.org/W4285030518","https://openalex.org/W4285221277","https://openalex.org/W4312232552","https://openalex.org/W4312304998","https://openalex.org/W4317038427","https://openalex.org/W4353046955","https://openalex.org/W4367047199","https://openalex.org/W4384916375","https://openalex.org/W4385462766","https://openalex.org/W4387917942","https://openalex.org/W4389057640","https://openalex.org/W4390120226","https://openalex.org/W4390189222","https://openalex.org/W4390660348","https://openalex.org/W4391288972","https://openalex.org/W4391697037","https://openalex.org/W4392139575","https://openalex.org/W4392745441","https://openalex.org/W4394699061","https://openalex.org/W4399499920","https://openalex.org/W4399527486","https://openalex.org/W4402449696","https://openalex.org/W4403094383","https://openalex.org/W4403390182","https://openalex.org/W4404180292","https://openalex.org/W4405080044","https://openalex.org/W4406137943","https://openalex.org/W4407003114","https://openalex.org/W4407638382","https://openalex.org/W4407831653","https://openalex.org/W4407948913","https://openalex.org/W4408100271","https://openalex.org/W4408146556","https://openalex.org/W4408791544","https://openalex.org/W4409640667","https://openalex.org/W4410336663","https://openalex.org/W4410351913","https://openalex.org/W4410583548","https://openalex.org/W4411540939","https://openalex.org/W4411849920","https://openalex.org/W4412928741","https://openalex.org/W4413195881","https://openalex.org/W4414597434","https://openalex.org/W7083699032"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"Internet":[1],"of":[2,24,60],"Medical":[3],"Things":[4],"(IoMT)":[5],"has":[6],"transformed":[7],"healthcare":[8,198],"delivery":[9],"through":[10,73,91],"medical":[11],"devices,":[12],"remote":[13],"patient":[14,32],"monitoring,":[15],"and":[16,34,70,83,108,120,154,184],"real-time":[17],"clinical":[18],"decision":[19],"support.":[20],"However,":[21],"the":[22,89,160],"proliferation":[23],"IoMT":[25,50],"devices":[26],"introduces":[27],"security":[28],"vulnerabilities":[29],"that":[30,193],"put":[31],"safety":[33],"data":[35],"privacy":[36],"at":[37],"risk.":[38],"Intrusion":[39],"Detection":[40],"Systems":[41],"(IDS)":[42],"have":[43],"emerged":[44],"as":[45,167],"essential":[46],"components":[47],"for":[48,170],"protecting":[49],"networks":[51],"from":[52],"cyberattacks.":[53],"This":[54],"article":[55],"presents":[56],"a":[57,92,168],"systematic":[58],"review":[59],"IoMT-IDS":[61,172],"research,":[62],"analyzing":[63],"53":[64],"high-quality":[65],"papers":[66],"published":[67],"between":[68,181],"2020":[69],"2025,":[71],"identified":[72],"database":[74],"searches":[75],"spanning":[76,95],"2016\u20132025":[77],"across":[78,117,138],"IEEE":[79],"Xplore,":[80],"Springer,":[81],"ScienceDirect,":[82],"ACM":[84],"Digital":[85],"Library.":[86],"We":[87,158,174],"organize":[88],"literature":[90,161],"comprehensive":[93,171],"taxonomy":[94],"classical":[96],"machine":[97],"learning":[98,101,106],"approaches,":[99,178],"deep":[100],"architectures,":[102],"transformer-based":[103],"models,":[104],"federated":[105],"frameworks,":[107],"anomaly":[109],"detection":[110,118,133],"techniques.":[111],"Our":[112],"analysis":[113],"reveals":[114],"significant":[115],"diversity":[116],"approaches":[119],"impressive":[121],"within-dataset":[122],"performance":[123,134],"achievements,":[124],"yet":[125],"identifies":[126],"persistent":[127],"gaps":[128],"in":[129,196],"evaluation":[130,142,165,191],"practices.":[131],"While":[132],"is":[135],"consistently":[136],"reported":[137],"studies,":[139],"four":[140],"other":[141],"dimensions":[143,166],"remain":[144],"unaddressed:":[145],"computational":[146],"efficiency":[147],"profiling,":[148],"explainability":[149],"integration,":[150],"standardized":[151],"benchmarking":[152],"practices,":[153],"cross-dataset":[155],"generalization":[156],"assessment.":[157,173],"synthesize":[159],"into":[162],"these":[163],"five":[164],"foundation":[169],"then":[175],"analyze":[176],"state-of-the-art":[177],"highlight":[179],"tradeoffs":[180],"competing":[182],"requirements,":[183],"chart":[185],"future":[186],"research":[187],"directions":[188],"toward":[189],"unified":[190],"methodologies":[192],"support":[194],"deployment":[195],"safety-critical":[197],"environments.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2026-05-16T00:00:00"}