{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7160550350","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3812653","title":"An Automated Approach to Reveal Missing Logs around Sensitive Operations","display_name":"An Automated Approach to Reveal Missing Logs around Sensitive Operations","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7160550350","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3812653"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3812653","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3812653","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210235901","display_name":"Digital Threats Research and Practice","issn_l":"2576-5337","issn":["2576-5337","2692-1626"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Digital Threats: Research and Practice","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3812653","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135556396","display_name":"Afiqah M. Azahari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3499-7913"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55141112","display_name":"National Defence University of Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/00t53pv34","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55141112"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Afiqah M. Azahari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Security Department, EURECOM, Sophia Antipolis, France and Cyber Security Center, National Defence University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3499-7913","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Security Department, EURECOM, Sophia Antipolis, France and Cyber Security Center, National Defence University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55141112"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002025561","display_name":"Davide Balzarotti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5957-6213"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1902872","display_name":"EURECOM","ror":"https://ror.org/00sse7z02","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1902872","https://openalex.org/I205703379"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Davide Balzarotti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Security Department, EURECOM, Sophia Antipolis, France"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5957-6213","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Security Department, EURECOM, Sophia Antipolis, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1902872"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.5507583,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"2","first_page":"1","last_page":"16"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.8105000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.8105000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12034","display_name":"Digital and Cyber Forensics","score":0.12060000002384186,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12607","display_name":"Personal Information Management and User Behavior","score":0.010599999688565731,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trace","display_name":"TRACE (psycholinguistics)","score":0.7257999777793884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.6819999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logging","display_name":"Logging","score":0.5385000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crash","display_name":"Crash","score":0.5012000203132629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-forensics","display_name":"Computer forensics","score":0.4494999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/debugging","display_name":"Debugging","score":0.3788999915122986}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7300999760627747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75291252","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1315756","display_name":"TRACE (psycholinguistics)","level":2,"score":0.7257999777793884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.6819999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125620115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845249","display_name":"Logging","level":2,"score":0.5385000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183469790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333501","display_name":"Crash","level":2,"score":0.5012000203132629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C556601545","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q878553","display_name":"Computer forensics","level":3,"score":0.4494999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4142000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3962000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168065819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845566","display_name":"Debugging","level":2,"score":0.3788999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84418412","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3246940","display_name":"Digital forensics","level":2,"score":0.3720000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124670913","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2608526","display_name":"Process mining","level":5,"score":0.3246999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50747538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7001032","display_name":"Network forensics","level":3,"score":0.289000004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.2745000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.2533000111579895}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3812653","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3812653","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210235901","display_name":"Digital Threats Research and Practice","issn_l":"2576-5337","issn":["2576-5337","2692-1626"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Digital Threats: Research and Practice","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3812653","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3812653","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210235901","display_name":"Digital Threats Research and Practice","issn_l":"2576-5337","issn":["2576-5337","2692-1626"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Digital Threats: Research and Practice","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.7770815491676331,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2096761130","https://openalex.org/W2108623020","https://openalex.org/W2170890990","https://openalex.org/W2516098082","https://openalex.org/W2579106964","https://openalex.org/W2763526563","https://openalex.org/W2786424616","https://openalex.org/W2913254924","https://openalex.org/W2996303788","https://openalex.org/W3004071943","https://openalex.org/W3008508243","https://openalex.org/W3009129408","https://openalex.org/W3046819152","https://openalex.org/W3123326965","https://openalex.org/W3137205257","https://openalex.org/W3142439607","https://openalex.org/W4243521886","https://openalex.org/W4285490493","https://openalex.org/W4400119946","https://openalex.org/W4400582976","https://openalex.org/W4408774695"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Log":[0],"messages":[1],"can":[2],"play":[3],"a":[4,67,98,190,194,201,278],"significant":[5,160],"role":[6],"in":[7,162],"different":[8],"activities,":[9],"including":[10],"debugging,":[11],"monitoring,":[12],"and":[13,38,69,105,116,176,229,263],"security":[14,30,37],"analysis.":[15,218],"Yet,":[16],"they":[17],"are":[18,122,179,225,249],"often":[19,227],"placed":[20],"only":[21,165,231,241],"for":[22,29,72,216],"the":[23,91,111,205,260,273],"convenience":[24],"of":[25,93,167,244,265,275,280],"development":[26],"rather":[27],"than":[28],"relevance.":[31],"For":[32],"reliable":[33,68],"logging":[34,163,188],"to":[35,51,86,108,127,182],"support":[36],"forensic":[39,73,217],"investigations,":[40],"logs":[41,266,276],"should":[42],"be":[43],"positioned":[44],"along":[45,232],"all":[46],"execution":[47],"paths":[48,89],"that":[49,54,62,121,136,153,208,222,240],"lead":[50],"critical":[52,94,129,195,246,268],"operations":[53,152,247,269],"process":[55,154],"untrusted":[56,128,155],"user":[57],"input.":[58,156],"This":[59,184],"placement":[60],"ensures":[61],"any":[63,172],"such":[64],"operation":[65,196],"leaves":[66],"observable":[70],"trace":[71,215],"trail.":[74],"In":[75,235],"this":[76],"article,":[77],"we":[78,238,257],"present":[79],"BlindSpot,":[80,256],"an":[81,252],"automated":[82],"static":[83],"analysis":[84,107],"tool":[85,158],"extract":[87],"inter-procedural":[88],"where":[90],"parameters":[92],"calls":[95,130],"appear":[96],"within":[97],"log":[99,119,174,206,223],"statement.":[100],"Our":[101,157],"approach":[102,144],"incorporates":[103],"dataflow":[104],"control-flow":[106],"precisely":[109],"capture":[110],"relationships":[112],"between":[113],"program":[114],"nodes":[115],"model":[117],"those":[118,135],"elements":[120],"consistently":[123],"encountered":[124],"from":[125],"input":[126],"(pre-execution),":[131],"as":[132,134,277],"well":[133],"always":[137],"follow":[138,209],"afterward":[139],"(post-execution).":[140],"We":[141,219],"tested":[142],"our":[143,236],"on":[145,186],"10":[146],"desktop":[147],"applications,":[148],"containing":[149],"124":[150,245],"sensitive":[151],"revealed":[159],"inconsistencies":[161],"practices:":[164],"37":[166],"these":[168],"actions":[169],"(29.8%)":[170],"have":[171],"associated":[173,250],"statements,":[175],"just":[177],"8":[178],"logged":[180],"prior":[181],"execution.":[183],"reliance":[185],"post-execution":[187],"presents":[189],"risk":[191],"because":[192],"if":[193],"is":[197],"exploited":[198],"or":[199,203],"causes":[200],"crash":[202],"failure,":[204],"statements":[207,224],"may":[210],"never":[211],"execute,":[212],"leaving":[213],"no":[214],"also":[220],"find":[221],"very":[226],"conditional":[228],"executed":[230],"specific":[233],"paths.":[234],"analysis,":[237],"found":[239],"5":[242],"out":[243],"(4%)":[248],"with":[251],"unconditional":[253],"log.":[254],"Through":[255],"demonstrate":[258],"how":[259],"inconsistency,":[261],"conditionality,":[262],"absence":[264],"around":[267],"raise":[270],"concerns":[271],"about":[272],"reliability":[274],"source":[279],"evidence.":[281]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-07T06:13:29.825681","created_date":"2026-05-08T00:00:00"}