{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7162874105","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3811427.3811506","title":"Evaluating the Feasibility of Superposed QR Code Attacks Using High Refresh Rate Displays","display_name":"Evaluating the Feasibility of Superposed QR Code Attacks Using High Refresh Rate Displays","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7162874105","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3811427.3811506"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3811427.3811506","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3811427.3811506","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2026 International Conference on Advanced Visual Interfaces","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3811427.3811506","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137450185","display_name":"Keita Suzuki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8684-918X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16656306","display_name":"Meiji University","ror":"https://ror.org/02rqvrp93","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16656306"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keita Suzuki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Advanced Mathematical Sciences, Meiji University, Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8684-918X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Advanced Mathematical Sciences, Meiji University, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16656306"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109831477","display_name":"Kentaro Fukuchi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3374-6928"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16656306","display_name":"Meiji University","ror":"https://ror.org/02rqvrp93","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16656306"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kentaro Fukuchi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Interdisciplinary Mathematical Sciences, Meiji University, Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3374-6928","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Interdisciplinary Mathematical Sciences, Meiji University, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16656306"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89371651,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"3"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13270","display_name":"QR Code Applications and Technologies","score":0.9757000207901001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13270","display_name":"QR Code Applications and Technologies","score":0.9757000207901001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.00430000014603138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.00279999990016222,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.6460999846458435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/refresh-rate","display_name":"Refresh rate","score":0.6355999708175659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constraint","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","score":0.5649999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoding","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","score":0.4823000133037567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dither","display_name":"Dither","score":0.47909998893737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/liquid-crystal-display","display_name":"Liquid-crystal display","score":0.39879998564720154}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7106999754905701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.6460999846458435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109034871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q949326","display_name":"Refresh rate","level":2,"score":0.6355999708175659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776036281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48769818","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","level":2,"score":0.5649999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.4823000133037567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70451592","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q376493","display_name":"Dither","level":3,"score":0.47909998893737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.4609000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128019096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83341","display_name":"Liquid-crystal display","level":2,"score":0.39879998564720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.397599995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3637999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3476000130176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.3427000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.33239999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19743564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25378119","display_name":"Flicker","level":2,"score":0.3228999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.2818000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.26669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2522999942302704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.2513999938964844}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3811427.3811506","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3811427.3811506","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2026 International Conference on Advanced Visual Interfaces","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3811427.3811506","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3811427.3811506","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2026 International Conference on Advanced Visual Interfaces","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":6,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1765876518","https://openalex.org/W2043233397","https://openalex.org/W2159025145","https://openalex.org/W2908126640","https://openalex.org/W2948302614","https://openalex.org/W4297659151"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Quick":[0],"Response":[1],"(QR)":[2],"codes":[3,17,58],"are":[4],"widely":[5],"used":[6],"for":[7,31],"encoding":[8],"information":[9],"accessible":[10],"via":[11],"mobile":[12],"devices.":[13],"However,":[14],"since":[15],"QR":[16,43,57,129],"appear":[18],"as":[19],"a":[20,41,71,94],"complex":[21],"pattern":[22],"of":[23,65],"black":[24],"and":[25,115],"white":[26],"modules,":[27],"it":[28],"is":[29,90],"difficult":[30],"users":[32],"to":[33,100,111],"detect":[34],"tampering.":[35],"In":[36],"this":[37,105],"study,":[38],"we":[39,107],"propose":[40],"camouflaged":[42],"code":[44,126],"attack":[45,89],"method":[46,53,110],"utilizing":[47],"high":[48],"refresh":[49],"rate":[50],"displays.":[51],"This":[52],"rapidly":[54],"alternates":[55],"two":[56],"above":[59],"the":[60,88,109,118],"critical":[61],"flicker":[62],"fusion":[63],"frequency":[64],"human":[66],"vision,":[67],"so":[68],"humans":[69],"perceive":[70],"single":[72],"fused":[73],"image,":[74],"whereas":[75],"cameras":[76],"may":[77],"capture":[78],"either":[79],"code.":[80],"Preliminary":[81],"experiments":[82],"using":[83],"LCD":[84,101],"displays":[85,114],"confirmed":[86,116],"that":[87,117],"feasible,":[91],"but":[92],"revealed":[93],"constraint":[95,120],"on":[96],"module":[97],"modification":[98,127],"due":[99],"characteristics.":[102],"To":[103],"overcome":[104],"limitation,":[106],"applied":[108],"off-the-shelf":[112],"LED":[113],"LCD-related":[119],"was":[121],"resolved,":[122],"enabling":[123],"more":[124],"flexible":[125],"with":[128],"codes.":[130]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-05-31T00:00:00"}