{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7143616784","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3806206","title":"Comparing the Humanness of Machine-Generated and Human-Authored Text","display_name":"Comparing the Humanness of Machine-Generated and Human-Authored Text","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7143616784","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3806206"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3806206","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3806206","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157921468","display_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","issn_l":"0360-0300","issn":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3806206","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024385037","display_name":"Autumn Toney","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184565670","display_name":"Georgetown University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vzafd60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184565670"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I34352273","display_name":"Maastricht University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jz4aj89","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"]}],"countries":["NL","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Autumn Toney","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science, Georgetown University","Maastricht University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3247-1248","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, Georgetown University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184565670"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Maastricht University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047121097","display_name":"Leticia Bode","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9859-2918"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184565670","display_name":"Georgetown University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vzafd60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184565670"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leticia Bode","raw_affiliation_strings":["Communication, Culture & Technology, Georgetown University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9859-2918","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Communication, Culture & Technology, Georgetown University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184565670"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037794042","display_name":"Tiago Ventura","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2162-814X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184565670","display_name":"Georgetown University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vzafd60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184565670"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tiago Ventura","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computational Social Science, Georgetown University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2162-814X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computational Social Science, Georgetown University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184565670"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011708753","display_name":"Ethan Wilcox","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5128-9890"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184565670","display_name":"Georgetown University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vzafd60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184565670"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802799214","display_name":"Association for Computational Linguistics","ror":"https://ror.org/019sw1443","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802799214"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ethan Wilcox","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computational Linguistics, Georgetown University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5128-9890","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computational Linguistics, Georgetown University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184565670","https://openalex.org/I2802799214"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005384315","display_name":"Lisa Singh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8300-2970"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184565670","display_name":"Georgetown University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vzafd60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184565670"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lisa Singh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science, Georgetown University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8300-2970","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, Georgetown University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184565670"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.34082683,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"58","issue":"12","first_page":"1","last_page":"28"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12128","display_name":"AI in Service Interactions","score":0.6474000215530396,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12128","display_name":"AI in Service Interactions","score":0.6474000215530396,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.07750000059604645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.053700000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-grammar","display_name":"Generative grammar","score":0.5934000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/taxonomy","display_name":"Taxonomy (biology)","score":0.5864999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reading","display_name":"Reading (process)","score":0.46810001134872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.3714999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/turing","display_name":"Turing","score":0.35260000824928284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-understanding","display_name":"Language understanding","score":0.28119999170303345}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7706999778747559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.5934000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58642233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8269924","display_name":"Taxonomy (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5864999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.51419997215271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.46810001134872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.41620001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.4122999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.3714999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9870796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q490481","display_name":"Turing","level":2,"score":0.35260000824928284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.32440000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983448237","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1078276","display_name":"Language understanding","level":2,"score":0.28119999170303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779234423","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1042156","display_name":"Close reading","level":2,"score":0.2727999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.27230000495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780790391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1149626","display_name":"Written language","level":2,"score":0.26579999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155614148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215948","display_name":"Neurolinguistics","level":4,"score":0.26429998874664307}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3806206","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3806206","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157921468","display_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","issn_l":"0360-0300","issn":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:cris.maastrichtuniversity.nl:openaire/7535cd1e-1886-4a3d-b2c1-309e7a829ae7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://cris.maastrichtuniversity.nl/en/publications/7535cd1e-1886-4a3d-b2c1-309e7a829ae7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402616","display_name":"Research Publications (Maastricht University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I34352273","host_organization_name":"Maastricht University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Toney, A, Bode, L, Ventura, T, Wilcox, E & Singh, L 2026, 'Comparing the Humanness of Machine-Generated and Human-Authored Text', ACM Computing Surveys, vol. 58, no. 12, 316. https://doi.org/10.1145/3806206","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3806206","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3806206","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S157921468","display_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","issn_l":"0360-0300","issn":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Computing Surveys","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8817407488822937}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":66,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1599853666","https://openalex.org/W1603920809","https://openalex.org/W1822239915","https://openalex.org/W1894075015","https://openalex.org/W1967250401","https://openalex.org/W1967972613","https://openalex.org/W1985661114","https://openalex.org/W1989342851","https://openalex.org/W1991015565","https://openalex.org/W1998681598","https://openalex.org/W2000058467","https://openalex.org/W2001771035","https://openalex.org/W2015198362","https://openalex.org/W2028140375","https://openalex.org/W2035126963","https://openalex.org/W2045738181","https://openalex.org/W2072364373","https://openalex.org/W2074134568","https://openalex.org/W2081580037","https://openalex.org/W2083365005","https://openalex.org/W2093430122","https://openalex.org/W2094204370","https://openalex.org/W2107317033","https://openalex.org/W2110328693","https://openalex.org/W2119804197","https://openalex.org/W2142726412","https://openalex.org/W2143001526","https://openalex.org/W2160660844","https://openalex.org/W2236797100","https://openalex.org/W2332079529","https://openalex.org/W2464840627","https://openalex.org/W2587877821","https://openalex.org/W2768755876","https://openalex.org/W2795037203","https://openalex.org/W2796341535","https://openalex.org/W2884001105","https://openalex.org/W2897375672","https://openalex.org/W2905753659","https://openalex.org/W2906152891","https://openalex.org/W2922482968","https://openalex.org/W2978670439","https://openalex.org/W3023871990","https://openalex.org/W3034287667","https://openalex.org/W3139433464","https://openalex.org/W3157200701","https://openalex.org/W3213582162","https://openalex.org/W4210827551","https://openalex.org/W4243957593","https://openalex.org/W4250089123","https://openalex.org/W4286216949","https://openalex.org/W4303426884","https://openalex.org/W4367051110","https://openalex.org/W4380887019","https://openalex.org/W4386379388","https://openalex.org/W4386604962","https://openalex.org/W4388361724","https://openalex.org/W4389977394","https://openalex.org/W4390099336","https://openalex.org/W4393156993","https://openalex.org/W4394695371","https://openalex.org/W4399208338","https://openalex.org/W4402364158","https://openalex.org/W4403388766","https://openalex.org/W4403844761","https://openalex.org/W4404893452","https://openalex.org/W4407695356"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"chatbots":[1],"have":[2],"become":[3],"more":[4],"commonplace":[5],"writing":[6],"tools,":[7],"a":[8,38,44,79,85],"need":[9],"exists":[10],"to":[11],"understand":[12],"the":[13,18,28,71],"breadth":[14],"of":[15,20,66,82],"research":[16,96],"about":[17],"humanness":[19,64,87],"machine-generated":[21],"text":[22],"via":[23],"techniques":[24],"that":[25,60],"extend":[26],"beyond":[27],"traditional":[29],"Turing":[30],"Test,":[31],"in":[32],"both":[33],"dialogue":[34],"(e.g.,":[35,42],"conversing":[36],"with":[37,70],"chatbot)":[39],"and":[40,52,62,93],"non-dialogue":[41],"reading":[43],"news":[45],"article)":[46],"scenarios.":[47],"To":[48],"fill":[49],"this":[50],"gap":[51],"support":[53],"future":[54],"work,":[55],"we":[56],"survey":[57],"current":[58,95],"literature":[59],"examines":[61],"identifies":[63],"features":[65],"written":[67],"communication":[68],"generated":[69],"state-of-the-art":[72],"generative":[73],"pre-trained":[74],"transformer":[75],"language":[76],"models,":[77],"provide":[78],"working":[80],"definition":[81],"humanness,":[83],"propose":[84],"text-based":[86],"taxonomy":[88],"based":[89],"on":[90],"linguistic":[91],"properties,":[92],"identify":[94],"gaps.":[97]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-12T21:12:35.861297","created_date":"2026-04-01T00:00:00"}
