{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7154834653","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3805712.3809632","title":"Bi-Level Optimization for Generative Recommendation: Bridging Tokenization and Generation","display_name":"Bi-Level Optimization for Generative Recommendation: Bridging Tokenization and Generation","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-07-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7154834653","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3805712.3809632"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3805712.3809632","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3805712.3809632","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 49th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3805712.3809632","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133924020","display_name":"Yimeng Bai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yimeng Bai","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8874-9409","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133920582","display_name":"Chang Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8324-7153","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133926414","display_name":"Yang Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7863-5183","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133942321","display_name":"Dingxian Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1324540951","display_name":"RealNetworks (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01ry0hm85","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1324540951"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135897","display_name":"ResearchWorks (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03hbpmj07","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210135897"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dingxian Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Upwork, Seattle, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6880-7869","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Upwork, Seattle, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135897","https://openalex.org/I1324540951"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133945694","display_name":"Frank Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1324540951","display_name":"RealNetworks (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01ry0hm85","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1324540951"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135897","display_name":"ResearchWorks (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03hbpmj07","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210135897"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frank Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Upwork, Seattle, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8117-8788","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Upwork, Seattle, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135897","https://openalex.org/I1324540951"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123934828","display_name":"Andrew Rabinovich","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1324540951","display_name":"RealNetworks (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01ry0hm85","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1324540951"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210135897","display_name":"ResearchWorks (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03hbpmj07","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210135897"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew Rabinovich","raw_affiliation_strings":["Upwork, Seattle, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3078-6705","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Upwork, Seattle, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210135897","https://openalex.org/I1324540951"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133932321","display_name":"Wenge Rong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenge Rong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4229-7215","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133955835","display_name":"Fuli Feng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fuli Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5828-9842","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"53","last_page":"64"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10203","display_name":"Recommender Systems and Techniques","score":0.7739999890327454,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10203","display_name":"Recommender Systems and Techniques","score":0.7739999890327454,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.026200000196695328,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14413","display_name":"Advanced Technologies in Various Fields","score":0.015799999237060547,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bridging","display_name":"Bridging (networking)","score":0.7961999773979187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identifier","display_name":"Identifier","score":0.6608999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recommender-system","display_name":"Recommender system","score":0.6294000148773193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-grammar","display_name":"Generative grammar","score":0.5856999754905701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lexical-analysis","display_name":"Lexical analysis","score":0.5753999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.46560001373291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unique-identifier","display_name":"Unique identifier","score":0.38019999861717224}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.847599983215332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174348530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188635","display_name":"Bridging (networking)","level":2,"score":0.7961999773979187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154504017","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853614","display_name":"Identifier","level":2,"score":0.6608999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C557471498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q554950","display_name":"Recommender system","level":2,"score":0.6294000148773193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.5856999754905701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176982825","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q835922","display_name":"Lexical analysis","level":2,"score":0.5753999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.46560001373291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.429500013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119839945","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6545185","display_name":"Unique identifier","level":3,"score":0.38019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167966045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532625","display_name":"Generative model","level":3,"score":0.37470000982284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.3695000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171686336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3532085","display_name":"Topic model","level":2,"score":0.36419999599456787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55282118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q252683","display_name":"Snapshot (computer storage)","level":2,"score":0.3625999987125397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3582000136375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.3280999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.305400013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70437156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7228652","display_name":"Pooling","level":2,"score":0.27149999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775945657","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q381442","display_name":"Structuring","level":2,"score":0.2621999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.25609999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.2526000142097473}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3805712.3809632","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3805712.3809632","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 49th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2510.21242","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.21242","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2510.21242","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3805712.3809632","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3805712.3809632","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 49th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5104534126","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62272437","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Generative":[0],"recommendation":[1,73,81,135,183],"is":[2,66],"emerging":[3],"as":[4],"a":[5,20,89,108,139],"transformative":[6],"paradigm":[7],"by":[8],"directly":[9],"generating":[10],"recommended":[11],"items,":[12],"rather":[13],"than":[14],"relying":[15],"on":[16,42,129,172],"matching.":[17],"Building":[18],"such":[19],"system":[21],"typically":[22],"involves":[23],"two":[24],"key":[25],"components:":[26],"(1)":[27],"optimizing":[28],"the":[29,39,64,72,99,102,105,116,122,126,131,157,197],"tokenizer":[30,65,103,127],"to":[31,62,142,152],"derive":[32],"suitable":[33],"item":[34,163,200],"identifiers,":[35],"and":[36,104,134,148,168,202],"(2)":[37],"training":[38],"recommender":[40,106,117],"based":[41,128],"those":[43],"identifiers.":[44],"Existing":[45],"approaches":[46],"often":[47],"treat":[48],"these":[49],"components":[50],"separately\u2014either":[51],"sequentially":[52],"or":[53],"in":[54,107,156],"alternation\u2014overlooking":[55],"their":[56],"interdependence.":[57],"This":[58],"separation":[59],"can":[60],"lead":[61],"misalignment:":[63],"trained":[67],"without":[68],"direct":[69],"guidance":[70],"from":[71],"objective,":[74],"potentially":[75],"yielding":[76],"suboptimal":[77],"identifiers":[78,164],"that":[79,162,177],"degrade":[80],"performance.":[82],"To":[83],"address":[84],"this,":[85],"we":[86],"propose":[87],"BLOGER,":[88],"Bi-Level":[90],"Optimization":[91],"for":[92],"GEnerative":[93],"Recommendation":[94],"framework,":[95],"which":[96],"explicitly":[97],"models":[98],"interdependence":[100],"between":[101,199],"unified":[109],"optimization":[110,146],"process.":[111],"The":[112],"lower":[113],"level":[114,124],"trains":[115],"using":[118],"tokenized":[119],"sequences,":[120],"while":[121,185],"upper":[123],"optimizes":[125],"both":[130,166],"tokenization":[132,201],"loss":[133],"loss.":[136],"We":[137,205],"adopt":[138],"meta-learning":[140],"approach":[141],"solve":[143],"this":[144],"bi-level":[145],"efficiently,":[147],"introduce":[149],"gradient":[150,154],"surgery":[151],"mitigate":[153],"conflicts":[155],"upper-level":[158],"updates,":[159],"thereby":[160],"ensuring":[161],"are":[165],"informative":[167],"recommendation-aligned.":[169],"Extensive":[170],"experiments":[171],"multiple":[173],"real-world":[174],"datasets":[175],"demonstrate":[176],"BLOGER":[178],"consistently":[179],"outperforms":[180],"state-of-the-art":[181],"generative":[182],"methods":[184],"maintaining":[186],"practical":[187],"efficiency":[188],"with":[189],"no":[190],"significant":[191],"additional":[192],"computational":[193],"overhead,":[194],"effectively":[195],"bridging":[196],"gap":[198],"autoregressive":[203],"generation.":[204],"release":[206],"our":[207],"code":[208],"at":[209],"https://github.com/Ten-Mao/BLOGER.":[210]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-17T05:52:16.776730","created_date":"2026-04-19T00:00:00"}