{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7151629849","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3805650","title":"The Price of Interoperability: Exploring Cross-Chain Bridges and Their Economic Consequences","display_name":"The Price of Interoperability: Exploring Cross-Chain Bridges and Their Economic Consequences","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7151629849","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3805650"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3805650","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3805650","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210193547","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Measurement and Analysis of Computing Systems","issn_l":"2476-1249","issn":["2476-1249"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Measurement and Analysis of Computing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3805650","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038044319","display_name":"Yiyue Cao","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yiyue Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1478-3842","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133052168","display_name":"Mingzhe Zheng","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingzhe Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8717-7766","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133072502","display_name":"Lin William Cong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lin William Cong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2617-2367","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101968524","display_name":"Siguang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1371-7257"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siguang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1371-7257","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133121913","display_name":"Xuechao Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuechao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6918-2699","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":24.7794,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99096769,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"2","first_page":"1","last_page":"29"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.906000018119812,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.906000018119812,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11437","display_name":"Digital Platforms and Economics","score":0.019899999722838402,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11704","display_name":"Mobile Crowdsensing and Crowdsourcing","score":0.006099999882280827,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interoperability","display_name":"Interoperability","score":0.934499979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bridge","display_name":"Bridge (graph theory)","score":0.5314000248908997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/redundancy","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","score":0.5073999762535095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/market-liquidity","display_name":"Market liquidity","score":0.3601999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/verifiable-secret-sharing","display_name":"Verifiable secret sharing","score":0.35519999265670776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work","display_name":"Work (physics)","score":0.33180001378059387}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20136886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749647","display_name":"Interoperability","level":2,"score":0.934499979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5480999946594238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100776233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2532492","display_name":"Bridge (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.5314000248908997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152124472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1204361","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5073999762535095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183582576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184783","display_name":"Market liquidity","level":2,"score":0.3601999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783","display_name":"Industrial organization","level":1,"score":0.35740000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85847156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59015987","display_name":"Verifiable secret sharing","level":3,"score":0.35519999265670776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.33180001378059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2164484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5170150","display_name":"Core (optical fiber)","level":2,"score":0.3301999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192800085","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5258530","display_name":"Semantic interoperability","level":3,"score":0.32170000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26805982","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17008183","display_name":"Cross-domain interoperability","level":4,"score":0.31189998984336853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.3093000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3061000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780366209","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5170200","display_name":"Core model","level":2,"score":0.27000001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2653000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188087704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q369577","display_name":"Standardization","level":2,"score":0.26350000500679016}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3805650","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3805650","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210193547","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Measurement and Analysis of Computing Systems","issn_l":"2476-1249","issn":["2476-1249"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Measurement and Analysis of Computing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2604.03083","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2604.03083","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2604.03083","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3805650","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3805650","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210193547","display_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Measurement and Analysis of Computing Systems","issn_l":"2476-1249","issn":["2476-1249"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the ACM on Measurement and Analysis of Computing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6493627429008484,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2212352107","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. 72573146","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8907874133","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. 2025A04J4168","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335480","funder_display_name":"Guangzhou Municipal Science and Technology Project"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335480","display_name":"Guangzhou Municipal Science and Technology Project","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Modern":[0],"blockchain":[1,109],"ecosystems":[2],"consist":[3],"of":[4,60,74,117,135,164,222,296],"many":[5],"heterogeneous":[6],"networks,":[7],"creating":[8],"an":[9,214,244],"essential":[10],"need":[11],"for":[12,293],"interoperability":[13,31,62,76,110,120,139,210,232,248],"that":[14,37,200,254,277],"allows":[15],"assets":[16,39],"to":[17,92,107,284],"move":[18],"seamlessly":[19],"across":[20,42,280],"chains.":[21,196],"Cross-chain":[22],"bridges":[23],"serve":[24],"as":[25,99,151,169,213,250],"the":[26,55,96,122,179,294],"primary":[27],"infrastructure":[28,165],"enabling":[29,215],"this":[30],"by":[32,125,157,194],"executing":[33],"verifiable":[34],"state":[35],"transitions":[36],"reallocate":[38],"and":[40,53,57,85,104,132,167,206,287,298],"liquidity":[41,61],"networks.":[43],"Although":[44],"prior":[45],"work":[46],"has":[47],"focused":[48],"largely":[49],"on":[50,78,145],"bridge":[51,88,127,130,281],"design":[52,295],"security,":[54],"system-level":[56,288],"economic":[58,263,286],"consequences":[59],"remain":[63],"poorly":[64],"understood.":[65],"This":[66,160],"paper":[67],"presents":[68],"a":[69,79,100,184,189,219,227,251,270],"large-scale":[70],"empirical":[71],"measurement":[72],"study":[73],"cross-chain":[75,146,153,180,201,300],"based":[77],"comprehensive":[80],"dataset":[81],"covering":[82],"20":[83],"blockchains":[84],"16":[86],"major":[87],"protocols":[89],"from":[90,183],"2022":[91],"2025.":[93],"We":[94,113],"model":[95],"multi-chain":[97],"ecosystem":[98,234],"time-varying":[101],"weighted":[102],"hypergraph":[103],"introduce":[105],"metrics":[106,116],"characterize":[108],"via":[111],"bridges.":[112],"define":[114],"two":[115],"interoperability.":[118],"Structural":[119],"captures":[121,140],"connectivity":[123],"implied":[124],"deployed":[126],"infrastructure,":[128],"reflecting":[129],"coverage":[131],"redundancy":[133],"independent":[134,267],"user":[136],"behavior.":[137],"Active":[138],"how":[141],"intensively":[142],"users":[143],"rely":[144],"routing":[147],"in":[148],"practice,":[149],"measured":[150],"realized":[152],"transfer":[154],"volumes":[155],"normalized":[156],"chain":[158],"size.":[159],"decomposition":[161],"enables":[162],"analysis":[163,173],"capacity":[166],"utilization":[168],"distinct":[170,285],"dimensions.":[171],"Our":[172],"reveals":[174],"several":[175],"key":[176],"findings.":[177],"First,":[178],"network":[181],"evolves":[182],"sparse":[185],"hub-and-spoke":[186],"topology":[187],"into":[188,269],"dense,":[190],"multi-hub":[191],"core":[192],"dominated":[193],"EVM-compatible":[195],"Second,":[197],"we":[198,225,242,275],"show":[199,276],"capital":[202],"flows":[203],"are":[204],"return-chasing":[205],"cost-sensitive,":[207],"whereas":[208],"structural":[209,247],"primarily":[211],"serves":[212],"factor":[216],"rather":[217],"than":[218],"directional":[220],"driver":[221],"flows.":[223],"Third,":[224],"identify":[226],"growth-return":[228],"paradox:":[229],"while":[230],"higher":[231],"expands":[233],"scale,":[235],"it":[236,260],"dilutes":[237],"native":[238],"asset":[239],"value.":[240],"Fourth,":[241],"uncover":[243],"efficiency-fragility":[245],"trade-off:":[246],"acts":[249],"load":[252],"balancer":[253],"reduces":[255],"average":[256],"gas":[257],"fees,":[258],"but":[259],"also":[261],"synchronizes":[262],"cycles.":[264],"Bridges":[265],"transform":[266],"networks":[268],"tightly":[271],"coupled":[272],"system.":[273],"Finally,":[274],"architectural":[278],"heterogeneity":[279],"designs":[282],"leads":[283],"outcomes,":[289],"yielding":[290],"direct":[291],"implications":[292],"scalable":[297],"resilient":[299],"infrastructure.":[301]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2026-04-08T00:00:00"}
