{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7140225760","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3804460","title":"Visual Privacy: The Impact of Privacy Labels on Privacy Behaviors Online","display_name":"Visual Privacy: The Impact of Privacy Labels on Privacy Behaviors Online","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7140225760","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3804460"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3804460","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3804460","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210183887","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Social Computing","issn_l":"2469-7818","issn":["2469-7818","2469-7826"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Social Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3804460","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Kimberly Garcia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4971-2944"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202963720","display_name":"University of St.Gallen","ror":"https://ror.org/0561a3s31","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202963720"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kimberly Garcia","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of St Gallen"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4971-2944","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of St Gallen","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202963720"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Aurelia Tam\u00f2-Larrieux","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3404-7643"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97565354","display_name":"University of Lausanne","ror":"https://ror.org/019whta54","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97565354"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aurelia Tam\u00f2-Larrieux","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Lausanne"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3404-7643","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Lausanne","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97565354"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yannic Meier","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5726-3229"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62318514","display_name":"University of Duisburg-Essen","ror":"https://ror.org/04mz5ra38","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62318514"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yannic Meier","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Duisburg-Essen"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5726-3229","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Duisburg-Essen","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62318514"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Simon Mayer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6367-3454"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202963720","display_name":"University of St.Gallen","ror":"https://ror.org/0561a3s31","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202963720"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simon Mayer","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of St Gallen"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6367-3454","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of St Gallen","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202963720"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Christoph Lutz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4389-6006"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181046868","display_name":"BI Norwegian Business School","ror":"https://ror.org/03ez40v33","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181046868"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christoph Lutz","raw_affiliation_strings":["BI Norwegian Business School"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4389-6006","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"BI Norwegian Business School","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181046868"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Clement Guitton","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2009-9047"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202963720","display_name":"University of St.Gallen","ror":"https://ror.org/0561a3s31","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202963720"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Clement Guitton","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of St Gallen"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2009-9047","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of St Gallen","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202963720"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Leonardo Stern","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7870-1052"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202963720","display_name":"University of St.Gallen","ror":"https://ror.org/0561a3s31","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202963720"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leonardo Stern","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of St Gallen"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7870-1052","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of St Gallen","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202963720"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Raffael Rot","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5324-9902"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202963720","display_name":"University of St.Gallen","ror":"https://ror.org/0561a3s31","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202963720"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raffael Rot","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of St Gallen"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5324-9902","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of St Gallen","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202963720"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Simeon Pilz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7166-2402"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I202963720","display_name":"University of St.Gallen","ror":"https://ror.org/0561a3s31","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202963720"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simeon Pilz","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of St Gallen"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7166-2402","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of St Gallen","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I202963720"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Stephan Mulders","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0108-3509"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I34352273","display_name":"Maastricht University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jz4aj89","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephan Mulders","raw_affiliation_strings":["Maastricht University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0108-3509","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Maastricht University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.3037906,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"2","first_page":"1","last_page":"27"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.9825999736785889,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.9825999736785889,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10803","display_name":"Innovative Human-Technology Interaction","score":0.0031999999191612005,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.0015999999595806003,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-privacy","display_name":"Information privacy","score":0.6876000165939331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/privacy-protection","display_name":"Privacy protection","score":0.6776999831199646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/privacy-software","display_name":"Privacy software","score":0.6172000169754028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/privacy-policy","display_name":"Privacy policy","score":0.5288000106811523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/privacy-by-design","display_name":"Privacy by Design","score":0.4632999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/personally-identifiable-information","display_name":"Personally identifiable information","score":0.42660000920295715}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.7954999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.6876000165939331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017597292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25052250","display_name":"Privacy protection","level":2,"score":0.6776999831199646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509729295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7246032","display_name":"Privacy software","level":3,"score":0.6172000169754028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5997999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102938260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1999831","display_name":"Privacy policy","level":3,"score":0.5288000106811523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193934123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7246028","display_name":"Privacy by Design","level":3,"score":0.4632999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169093310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3702971","display_name":"Personally identifiable information","level":2,"score":0.42660000920295715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.41269999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.39579999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175968658","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q839447","display_name":"Privacy laws of the United States","level":3,"score":0.2847999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69360830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172237","display_name":"Data Protection Act 1998","level":2,"score":0.272599995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778029271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421931","display_name":"Extension (predicate logic)","level":2,"score":0.2646999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137822555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2587068","display_name":"Information sensitivity","level":2,"score":0.26089999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778656907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164712","display_name":"Consumer privacy","level":3,"score":0.25029999017715454}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3804460","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3804460","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210183887","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Social Computing","issn_l":"2469-7818","issn":["2469-7818","2469-7826"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Social Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3804460","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3804460","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210183887","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Social Computing","issn_l":"2469-7818","issn":["2469-7818","2469-7826"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Social Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.704745352268219,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4277203888","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"299178","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323299","funder_display_name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323299","display_name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d","ror":"https://ror.org/00epmv149"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1980864917","https://openalex.org/W2003686725","https://openalex.org/W2046638191","https://openalex.org/W2047681257","https://openalex.org/W2081430061","https://openalex.org/W2108554506","https://openalex.org/W2517394750","https://openalex.org/W2779206865","https://openalex.org/W2885362917","https://openalex.org/W2894630186","https://openalex.org/W2896125123","https://openalex.org/W2931556662","https://openalex.org/W2944339144","https://openalex.org/W2945032128","https://openalex.org/W3021582373","https://openalex.org/W3047488602","https://openalex.org/W3093088248","https://openalex.org/W3124701710","https://openalex.org/W3125057561","https://openalex.org/W3125068085","https://openalex.org/W3156874074","https://openalex.org/W3185143854","https://openalex.org/W3212987434","https://openalex.org/W4200211357","https://openalex.org/W4210481853","https://openalex.org/W4210954254","https://openalex.org/W4224257066","https://openalex.org/W4225100575","https://openalex.org/W4225108620","https://openalex.org/W4285587316","https://openalex.org/W4324129606","https://openalex.org/W4367180703","https://openalex.org/W4386444487","https://openalex.org/W4386907303","https://openalex.org/W4389609066","https://openalex.org/W4391631538","https://openalex.org/W4400849876","https://openalex.org/W4401155760","https://openalex.org/W4401171826","https://openalex.org/W4406918948","https://openalex.org/W4409720803","https://openalex.org/W4409721238","https://openalex.org/W4410743098"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Research":[0],"has":[1],"consistently":[2],"shown":[3,98,138],"that":[4,60,94,111,146],"websites\u2019":[5],"privacy":[6,23,35,45,64,71,81,96,118,129],"policies":[7],"fail":[8],"to":[9,13,32,151],"inform":[10],"users,":[11],"prompting":[12],"explore":[14],"more":[15],"condensed,":[16],"visual":[17],"solutions":[18],"such":[19,34],"as":[20],"icons":[21],"and":[22,29,37,66,108,110,126,142],"labels.":[24],"However,":[25],"we":[26,53],"miss":[27],"efficient":[28],"scalable":[30],"systems":[31],"generate":[33],"labels":[36,79,97],"conclusive":[38],"evidence":[39],"on":[40,43,80,117],"their":[41],"impact":[42,76,103],"people\u2019s":[44],"protection":[46,82,119],"behavior.":[47,120],"This":[48],"article":[49],"fills":[50],"these":[51],"gaps:":[52],"present":[54],"the":[55,75,95,136],"Visual":[56,100],"Privacy":[57,101],"browser":[58],"extension":[59],"automatically":[61],"computes":[62],"a":[63,70,104,140],"rating":[65,137],"visualizes":[67],"it":[68],"in":[69,84,139],"label.":[72],"We":[73],"studied":[74],"of":[77,128,133],"those":[78],"behavior":[83],"an":[85,114],"online":[86],"experiment":[87],"(":[88],"N":[89],"=825).":[90],"Our":[91],"results":[92],"show":[93],"by":[99],"significantly":[102],"website\u2019s":[105],"perceived":[106],"risks":[107],"benefits,":[109],"they":[112,147],"have":[113],"indirect":[115],"effect":[116],"Study":[121],"participants":[122,134],"showed":[123],"high":[124],"awareness":[125],"acceptance":[127],"labels,":[130],"with":[131],"79%":[132],"recalling":[135],"label":[141],"over":[143],"75%":[144],"reporting":[145],"would":[148],"like":[149],"them":[150],"become":[152],"mandatory.":[153]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-31T06:10:14.724740","created_date":"2026-03-25T00:00:00"}