{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7147685244","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3802807.3802814","title":"The QMA(2) UniverseComplexity, Entanglement, and Optimization","display_name":"The QMA(2) UniverseComplexity, Entanglement, and Optimization","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7147685244","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3802807.3802814"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3802807.3802814","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3802807.3802814","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210206003","display_name":"ACM SIGACT News","issn_l":"0163-5700","issn":["0163-5700","1943-5827"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM SIGACT News","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083175127","display_name":"Fernando Granha Jeronimo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8586-1533"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fernando Granha Jeronimo","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132661642","display_name":"Pei Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130769515","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pei Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114055481","display_name":"Itai Leigh","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16391192","display_name":"Tel Aviv University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mhzgx49","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Itai Leigh","raw_affiliation_strings":["AI, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AI, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.47343688,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"57","issue":"1","first_page":"64","last_page":"99"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.7975999712944031,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.7975999712944031,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10720","display_name":"Complexity and Algorithms in Graphs","score":0.09700000286102295,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12002","display_name":"Computability, Logic, AI Algorithms","score":0.013700000010430813,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.5855000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-complexity-theory","display_name":"Quantum complexity theory","score":0.5429999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.5029000043869019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extension","display_name":"Extension (predicate logic)","score":0.45179998874664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-complexity-theory","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","score":0.43459999561309814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regular-polygon","display_name":"Regular polygon","score":0.3833000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/position","display_name":"Position (finance)","score":0.3718000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-complexity","display_name":"Time complexity","score":0.3391999900341034}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.5855000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92043244","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7269023","display_name":"Quantum complexity theory","level":4,"score":0.5429999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5029000043869019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.46939998865127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778029271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421931","display_name":"Extension (predicate logic)","level":2,"score":0.45179998874664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179799912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205084","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","level":2,"score":0.43459999561309814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.40709999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3919000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112680207","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q714886","display_name":"Regular polygon","level":2,"score":0.3833000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198082294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399648","display_name":"Position (finance)","level":2,"score":0.3718000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C311688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2393193","display_name":"Time complexity","level":2,"score":0.3391999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58053490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176555","display_name":"Quantum computer","level":3,"score":0.31310001015663147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90119067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43260","display_name":"Polynomial","level":2,"score":0.31220000982284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157972887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q463359","display_name":"Convex optimization","level":3,"score":0.31189998984336853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.3118000030517578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110202963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783542","display_name":"Convex geometry","level":5,"score":0.2953000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101901036","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2269096","display_name":"Semidefinite programming","level":2,"score":0.29089999198913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169699857","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122243","display_name":"Quantum information","level":3,"score":0.28209999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.28139999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112955886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5656275","display_name":"Hardness of approximation","level":3,"score":0.28130000829696655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121040770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215675","display_name":"Quantum entanglement","level":3,"score":0.2712000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509619924","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17130757","display_name":"Structural complexity","level":2,"score":0.2700999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136119220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1000660","display_name":"Algebra over a field","level":2,"score":0.2515999972820282}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3802807.3802814","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3802807.3802814","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210206003","display_name":"ACM SIGACT News","issn_l":"0163-5700","issn":["0163-5700","1943-5827"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM SIGACT News","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":62,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1565361209","https://openalex.org/W1663554127","https://openalex.org/W1884213854","https://openalex.org/W1965562201","https://openalex.org/W1977466875","https://openalex.org/W1982851693","https://openalex.org/W1991813962","https://openalex.org/W2006944701","https://openalex.org/W2016990905","https://openalex.org/W2019404063","https://openalex.org/W2026298842","https://openalex.org/W2028932986","https://openalex.org/W2034920898","https://openalex.org/W2044630019","https://openalex.org/W2044949772","https://openalex.org/W2057170710","https://openalex.org/W2079692740","https://openalex.org/W2084019889","https://openalex.org/W2100827027","https://openalex.org/W2103122463","https://openalex.org/W2107398173","https://openalex.org/W2109437253","https://openalex.org/W2109672486","https://openalex.org/W2115164346","https://openalex.org/W2115318789","https://openalex.org/W2116560510","https://openalex.org/W2120358419","https://openalex.org/W2129261735","https://openalex.org/W2131575873","https://openalex.org/W2131841551","https://openalex.org/W2138689422","https://openalex.org/W2144126354","https://openalex.org/W2151549243","https://openalex.org/W2158795180","https://openalex.org/W2166375258","https://openalex.org/W2169435287","https://openalex.org/W2195967161","https://openalex.org/W2242403914","https://openalex.org/W2253388016","https://openalex.org/W2569308491","https://openalex.org/W2624804050","https://openalex.org/W2804172638","https://openalex.org/W2912359042","https://openalex.org/W2914050705","https://openalex.org/W2968911711","https://openalex.org/W2994531541","https://openalex.org/W3102910963","https://openalex.org/W3105588021","https://openalex.org/W3116436258","https://openalex.org/W3188766332","https://openalex.org/W3209192400","https://openalex.org/W4206637484","https://openalex.org/W4239261415","https://openalex.org/W4376639494","https://openalex.org/W4376651367","https://openalex.org/W4389832632","https://openalex.org/W4409570091","https://openalex.org/W4412203675","https://openalex.org/W4413776772","https://openalex.org/W6947903804","https://openalex.org/W7086247956","https://openalex.org/W7101441621"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"complexity":[1,18,117],"class":[2],"QMA(2),":[3],"featuring":[4],"two":[5,53],"unentangled":[6],"quantum":[7,17,111],"provers,":[8],"occupies":[9],"a":[10,22,58],"central":[11],"yet":[12],"poorly":[13],"understood":[14],"position":[15],"in":[16,41],"theory.":[19,118],"While":[20],"superficially":[21],"modest":[23],"extension":[24],"of":[25,48,61,88],"QMA,":[26],"unentanglement":[27],"fundamentally":[28],"changes":[29],"both":[30],"the":[31,51,79,108],"algorithmic":[32,94],"and":[33,46,68,71,96,115],"complexitytheoretic":[34],"landscape,":[35],"connecting":[36],"QMA(2)":[37,55,104],"to":[38,74,106],"deep":[39],"questions":[40],"separability":[42],"testing,":[43],"polynomial":[44],"optimization,":[45,114],"hardness":[47],"approximation.":[49],"Over":[50],"past":[52],"decades,":[54],"has":[56],"inspired":[57],"rich":[59],"body":[60],"work":[62],"spanning":[63],"restricted":[64],"verification":[65],"models,":[66],"semidefinite":[67],"Sum-of-Squares":[69],"hierarchies,":[70],"surprising":[72],"links":[73],"classical":[75,116],"problems":[76],"such":[77],"as":[78],"Unique":[80],"Games":[81],"Conjecture.":[82],"This":[83],"survey":[84],"provides":[85],"an":[86],"overview":[87],"these":[89],"developments,":[90],"emphasizing":[91],"structural":[92],"insights,":[93],"techniques,":[95],"known":[97],"barriers,":[98],"while":[99],"highlighting":[100],"how":[101],"progress":[102],"on":[103],"continues":[105],"illuminate":[107],"interplay":[109],"between":[110],"information,":[112],"convex":[113]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-04-02T00:00:00"}
