{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7163329365","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3800424.3800443","title":"Estimating Reading Effort for Screen Reader Users: A Simple Tool to Support Web Accessibility Awareness","display_name":"Estimating Reading Effort for Screen Reader Users: A Simple Tool to Support Web Accessibility Awareness","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7163329365","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3800424.3800443"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3800424.3800443","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3800424.3800443","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 23rd International Web for All Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3800424.3800443","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007358061","display_name":"Marina Buzzi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1725-9433"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130157","display_name":"Institute of Informatics and Telematics","ror":"https://ror.org/02gdcn153","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130157","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marina Buzzi","raw_affiliation_strings":["IIT-CNR, Pisa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1725-9433","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IIT-CNR, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130157"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050312593","display_name":"Barbara Leporini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2469-9648"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","display_name":"University of Pisa","ror":"https://ror.org/03ad39j10","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122991210","display_name":"Istituto di Scienza e Tecnologie dell'Informazione \"Alessandro Faedo\"","ror":"https://ror.org/05kacka20","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122991210","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Barbara Leporini","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy and ISTI-CNR, Pisa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2469-9648","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy and ISTI-CNR, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122991210","https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116971513","display_name":"Giuditta Pieriboni","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130157","display_name":"Institute of Informatics and Telematics","ror":"https://ror.org/02gdcn153","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130157","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giuditta Pieriboni","raw_affiliation_strings":["IIT-CNR, Pisa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3772-7947","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IIT-CNR, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130157"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9121823,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"222","last_page":"228"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12481","display_name":"Digital Accessibility for Disabilities","score":0.9453999996185303,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3307","display_name":"Human Factors and Ergonomics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12481","display_name":"Digital Accessibility for Disabilities","score":0.9453999996185303,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3307","display_name":"Human Factors and Ergonomics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10914","display_name":"Tactile and Sensory Interactions","score":0.019200000911951065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13310","display_name":"Subtitles and Audiovisual Media","score":0.013899999670684338,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/screen-reader","display_name":"Screen reader","score":0.7372000217437744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reading","display_name":"Reading (process)","score":0.6450999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-accessibility","display_name":"Web accessibility","score":0.5415999889373779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-page","display_name":"Web page","score":0.5304999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-navigation","display_name":"Web navigation","score":0.44859999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simple","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","score":0.34599998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scrolling","display_name":"Scrolling","score":0.3305000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/python","display_name":"Python (programming language)","score":0.3303000032901764}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7958999872207642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778535757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1328864","display_name":"Screen reader","level":3,"score":0.7372000217437744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.6450999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.5702000260353088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194669863","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q808932","display_name":"Web accessibility","level":4,"score":0.5415999889373779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.5404000282287598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21959979","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36774","display_name":"Web page","level":2,"score":0.5304999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.45829999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61096286","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7978592","display_name":"Web navigation","level":3,"score":0.44859999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.34599998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59046462","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181319","display_name":"Scrolling","level":2,"score":0.3305000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C519991488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28865","display_name":"Python (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.3303000032901764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89505385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47146","display_name":"User interface","level":2,"score":0.3255999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118643609","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189210","display_name":"Web application","level":2,"score":0.32280001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C521306242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190637","display_name":"Web design","level":3,"score":0.3147999942302704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.3116999864578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.29679998755455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779332521","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820694","display_name":"Legibility","level":2,"score":0.28529998660087585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197973564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q636020","display_name":"Web Accessibility Initiative","level":5,"score":0.2768999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130436687","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7978591","display_name":"Web modeling","level":3,"score":0.27000001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35578498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193424","display_name":"Web service","level":2,"score":0.26170000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187191949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1138496","display_name":"Profiling (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.2615000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79373723","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q386275","display_name":"Web development","level":3,"score":0.25119999051094055}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3800424.3800443","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3800424.3800443","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 23rd International Web for All Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3800424.3800443","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3800424.3800443","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 23rd International Web for All Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.8932735919952393}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1964138115","https://openalex.org/W1997907270","https://openalex.org/W2067673667","https://openalex.org/W2143845053","https://openalex.org/W4225166771","https://openalex.org/W4392240308","https://openalex.org/W4401216923","https://openalex.org/W4404523478","https://openalex.org/W4406210623","https://openalex.org/W4407008474","https://openalex.org/W4408613351","https://openalex.org/W4409194865","https://openalex.org/W4412070040","https://openalex.org/W4413540781","https://openalex.org/W4413792000"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Web":[0],"navigation":[1],"via":[2,64],"screen":[3,33,66,114,156],"readers":[4,34],"is":[5,23,119],"largely":[6],"sequential":[7],"and":[8,14,42,82,98,171,190,204,219],"can":[9,173,196],"impose":[10],"a":[11,50,61,65,89,123,139],"high":[12],"cognitive":[13],"temporal":[15],"effort":[16,57,146,189],"on":[17,163],"blind":[18,227],"users.":[19,116,228],"However,":[20],"this":[21],"aspect":[22],"often":[24],"not":[25,120],"very":[26],"visible":[27],"to":[28,53,93,102,212,217],"developers,":[29],"who":[30],"rarely":[31],"use":[32],"themselves":[35],"or":[36],"have":[37],"tools":[38],"that":[39,134],"make":[40],"non-visual":[41],"keyboard-based":[43],"reading":[44,56,77,178,188],"experiences":[45],"understandable.":[46],"This":[47],"work":[48],"introduces":[49],"simple":[51],"approach":[52],"estimating":[54],"the":[55,111,145,184,191],"associated":[58],"with":[59,226],"navigating":[60],"web":[62,96],"page":[63,140],"reader":[67,115,157],"by":[68],"applying":[69],"structural":[70,192],"metrics,":[71],"such":[72],"as":[73,122,129],"word":[74],"count,":[75],"estimated":[76],"time,":[78],"heading":[79],"structure,":[80],"paragraphs,":[81],"interactive":[83],"elements.":[84],"In":[85],"particular,":[86],"we":[87,181],"present":[88],"Python":[90],"tool":[91,118,133],"designed":[92],"automatically":[94],"analyze":[95],"pages":[97],"return":[99],"indicators":[100],"intended":[101,121],"increase":[103],"developers\u2019":[104],"awareness":[105,132],"of":[106,113,138,144,155,187,194],"how":[107,167,183,215],"design":[108],"choices":[109],"impact":[110],"experience":[112],"The":[117],"WCAG":[124],"compliance":[125],"checker,":[126],"but":[127],"rather":[128],"an":[130],"accessibility":[131],"translates":[135],"technical":[136],"aspects":[137],"into":[141,151],"concrete":[142],"estimates":[143],"required":[147],"during":[148,223],"listening,":[149],"taking":[150],"account":[152],"different":[153,177],"levels":[154],"user":[158],"expertise.":[159],"Two":[160],"case":[161],"studies":[162],"real-world":[164],"websites":[165],"show":[166],"apparently":[168],"similar":[169],"content":[170,195],"structures":[172],"result":[174],"in":[175,220],"significantly":[176],"loads.":[179],"Finally,":[180],"discuss":[182],"automatic":[185],"estimation":[186],"analysis":[193],"also":[197],"provide":[198],"useful":[199],"cues":[200],"for":[201],"conversational":[202],"agents":[203],"large":[205],"language":[206],"models,":[207],"supporting":[208],"decisions":[209],"about":[210],"what":[211,221],"read":[213],"aloud,":[214],"much":[216],"read,":[218],"order":[222],"voice-based":[224],"interaction":[225]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-06-04T00:00:00"}