{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7155536718","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3799830.3799878","title":"Autograder+: A Multi-Faceted AI Framework for Rich Pedagogical Feedback in Programming Education","display_name":"Autograder+: A Multi-Faceted AI Framework for Rich Pedagogical Feedback in Programming Education","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7155536718","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3799830.3799878"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3799830.3799878","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3799830.3799878","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 13th ACM IKDD International Conference on Data Science","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3799830.3799878","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134496739","display_name":"Vikrant Sahu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2682-9551"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121466","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Bhilai","ror":"https://ror.org/02sscsx71","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210121466"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Vikrant Sahu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Bhilai, Durg, Chhattishgarh, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2682-9551","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Bhilai, Durg, Chhattishgarh, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210121466"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101803496","display_name":"Gagan Raj Gupta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8568-2949"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121466","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Bhilai","ror":"https://ror.org/02sscsx71","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210121466"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gagan Raj Gupta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indian Institute of Technology, Bhilai, Durg, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8568-2949","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indian Institute of Technology, Bhilai, Durg, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210121466"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134564639","display_name":"Raghav Borikar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8777-7363"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121466","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Bhilai","ror":"https://ror.org/02sscsx71","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210121466"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raghav Borikar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indian Institute of Technology, Bhilai, Durg, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8777-7363","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indian Institute of Technology, Bhilai, Durg, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210121466"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134530311","display_name":"Nitin Gautam Mane","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6205-3683"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121466","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Bhilai","ror":"https://ror.org/02sscsx71","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210121466"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nitin Gautam Mane","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indian Institute of Technology, Bhilai, Durg, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6205-3683","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indian Institute of Technology, Bhilai, Durg, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210121466"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5134496739"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210121466"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.4043,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9026495,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"306","last_page":"315"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9656999707221985,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9656999707221985,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.006099999882280827,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.005400000140070915,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formative-assessment","display_name":"Formative assessment","score":0.8180999755859375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/summative-assessment","display_name":"Summative assessment","score":0.557699978351593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.522599995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.49549999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.4634000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workload","display_name":"Workload","score":0.4311999976634979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pooling","display_name":"Pooling","score":0.421099990606308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.4194999933242798}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42525527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1209955","display_name":"Formative assessment","level":2,"score":0.8180999755859375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7940999865531921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152747807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1854913","display_name":"Summative assessment","level":3,"score":0.557699978351593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.522599995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.49549999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.4634000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778476105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628539","display_name":"Workload","level":2,"score":0.4311999976634979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70437156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7228652","display_name":"Pooling","level":2,"score":0.421099990606308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.4194999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3521000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.3517000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.3255000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781285556","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820370","display_name":"Learning styles","level":2,"score":0.31310001015663147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.2987000048160553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776503756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1424497","display_name":"Self-regulated learning","level":2,"score":0.2985000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.29589998722076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2840999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.2824999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.2750999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779038628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7248497","display_name":"Programming by demonstration","level":3,"score":0.27300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77967617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4677561","display_name":"Active learning (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.27129998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142039133","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3620943","display_name":"Personalized learning","level":5,"score":0.2646999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778562939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1298791","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","level":3,"score":0.2554999887943268}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3799830.3799878","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3799830.3799878","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 13th ACM IKDD International Conference on Data Science","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3799830.3799878","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3799830.3799878","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 13th ACM IKDD International Conference on Data Science","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8379271626472473}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2524168323","https://openalex.org/W2605994771","https://openalex.org/W4211171695","https://openalex.org/W4220966949","https://openalex.org/W4310354118","https://openalex.org/W4381586920","https://openalex.org/W4385164282","https://openalex.org/W4389519352","https://openalex.org/W4390577747","https://openalex.org/W4393160187","https://openalex.org/W4393183740","https://openalex.org/W4396916202","https://openalex.org/W4396945182","https://openalex.org/W4402476574","https://openalex.org/W4402571087","https://openalex.org/W4403474856","https://openalex.org/W4404332403","https://openalex.org/W4404858203","https://openalex.org/W4405868861","https://openalex.org/W4406459916","https://openalex.org/W4407405478","https://openalex.org/W4409946324","https://openalex.org/W4410250626","https://openalex.org/W4410317321","https://openalex.org/W4411235504","https://openalex.org/W4411360075","https://openalex.org/W4411798935","https://openalex.org/W4412620726","https://openalex.org/W4412781285","https://openalex.org/W4412889171","https://openalex.org/W6889185958"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,89,167],"rapid":[1],"growth":[2],"of":[3,84,129,163,188],"programming":[4,119],"education":[5],"has":[6],"outpaced":[7],"traditional":[8],"assessment":[9],"tools,":[10],"leaving":[11],"faculty":[12],"with":[13,124,135],"limited":[14],"means":[15],"to":[16,51,177,208],"provide":[17],"meaningful,":[18,141],"scalable":[19],"feedback.":[20,137],"Conventional":[21],"autograders,":[22],"while":[23,205],"efficient,":[24],"act":[25],"as":[26],"\u201cblack-box\u201d":[27],"systems":[28],"that":[29],"merely":[30],"indicate":[31],"pass/fail":[32],"status,":[33],"offering":[34],"little":[35],"instructional":[36],"value":[37],"or":[38],"insight":[39],"into":[40,59,155],"the":[41,180],"student\u2019s":[42],"approach.":[43],"Autograder+1,":[44],"a":[45,55,60,75,156,171,185],"comprehensive":[46],"and":[47,81,100,108,199,212],"intelligent":[48],"framework":[49,168],"designed":[50],"evolve":[52],"autograding":[53],"from":[54],"summative":[56],"evaluation":[57,112,203],"tool":[58],"formative":[61],"learning":[62,215],"platform.":[63],"addresses":[64],"this":[65],"gap":[66],"through":[67],"two":[68],"unique":[69],"features:":[70],"(1)":[71],"feedback":[72,104,123,182,195],"generation":[73],"via":[74,93],"fine-tuned":[76],"Large":[77],"Language":[78],"Model":[79],"(LLM),":[80],"(2)":[82],"visualization":[83],"all":[85],"student":[86,98,115],"code":[87,99],"submissions.":[88],"LLM":[90],"is":[91,105],"adapted":[92],"domain-specific":[94],"fine-tuning":[95],"on":[96,148],"curated":[97,186],"expert":[101],"annotations,":[102],"ensuring":[103],"pedagogically":[106],"aligned":[107],"context-aware.":[109],"In":[110],"empirical":[111],"across":[113,117],"600":[114],"submissions":[116],"various":[118],"problems,":[120],"Autograder+":[121,142,201],"produced":[122],"an":[125],"average":[126],"BERTScore":[127],"F1":[128],"0.7658,":[130],"demonstrating":[131],"strong":[132],"semantic":[133,158,197],"alignment":[134],"expert-written":[136],"To":[138],"make":[139],"visualizations":[140],"employs":[143],"contrastively":[144],"learned":[145],"embeddings":[146],"trained":[147],"1,000":[149],"annotated":[150],"submissions,":[151],"which":[152],"organize":[153],"solutions":[154],"performance-aware":[157],"space":[159],"resulting":[160],"in":[161],"clusters":[162],"functionally":[164],"similar":[165],"appraoches.":[166],"also":[169],"integrates":[170],"Prompt":[172],"Pooling":[173],"mechanism,":[174],"allowing":[175],"instructors":[176],"dynamically":[178],"influence":[179],"LLM\u2019s":[181],"style":[183],"using":[184],"set":[187],"specialized":[189],"prompts.":[190],"By":[191],"combining":[192],"advanced":[193],"AI":[194],"generation,":[196],"organization,":[198],"visualization,":[200],"reduces":[202],"workload":[204],"empowering":[206],"educators":[207],"deliver":[209],"targeted":[210],"instruction":[211],"foster":[213],"resilient":[214],"outcomes.":[216]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-08T15:41:06.802602","created_date":"2026-04-25T00:00:00"}