{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7131647004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3798103","title":"Graph Neural Network based Initialization for Timing Driven Placement","display_name":"Graph Neural Network based Initialization for Timing Driven Placement","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7131647004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3798103"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3798103","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3798103","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S105046310","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems","issn_l":"1084-4309","issn":["1084-4309","1557-7309"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3798103","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044313674","display_name":"Ziyi Ju","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3702-7373"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ziyi Ju","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science, Fudan University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3702-7373","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, Fudan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102518978","display_name":"Yunqi He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1108-089X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100400","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/00m6w7z96","country_code":"PH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100400"]}],"countries":["PH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunqi He","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Department of ECE, Northwestern University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1108-089X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Department of ECE, Northwestern University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100400"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126885356","display_name":"Ping Yu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ping Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Fudan University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1574-7943","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Fudan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126889102","display_name":"Hai Zhou","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hai Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northwestern University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4824-7179","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwestern University","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126855368","display_name":"Jia Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180949307","display_name":"Illinois Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037t3ry66","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180949307"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jia Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["ECE, Illinois Institute of Technology"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6159-6085","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ECE, Illinois Institute of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180949307"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126866425","display_name":"Fan Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132426","display_name":"Shanghai Fudan Microelectronics (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/02vfj3j86","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132426"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fan Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Microelectronics, Fudan University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2164-8175","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics, Fudan University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067","https://openalex.org/I4210132426"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.180468,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":"5","first_page":"1","last_page":"23"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11522","display_name":"VLSI and FPGA Design Techniques","score":0.9832000136375427,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11522","display_name":"VLSI and FPGA Design Techniques","score":0.9832000136375427,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10363","display_name":"Low-power high-performance VLSI design","score":0.010499999858438969,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11527","display_name":"3D IC and TSV technologies","score":0.002199999988079071,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/initialization","display_name":"Initialization","score":0.64410001039505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interconnection","display_name":"Interconnection","score":0.5662000179290771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/static-timing-analysis","display_name":"Static timing analysis","score":0.5274999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/placement","display_name":"Placement","score":0.5224000215530396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.49050000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.42160001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.41510000824928284}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8600000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114466953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6034165","display_name":"Initialization","level":2,"score":0.64410001039505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123745756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1665949","display_name":"Interconnection","level":2,"score":0.5662000179290771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93682380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2025226","display_name":"Static timing analysis","level":2,"score":0.5274999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117690923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1484784","display_name":"Placement","level":4,"score":0.5224000215530396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.49050000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.42160001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.41510000824928284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4050000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158622935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660848","display_name":"Nonlinear system","level":2,"score":0.38760000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.31940001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.30399999022483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.27950000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.26159998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174086752","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5253471","display_name":"Delay calculation","level":3,"score":0.2605000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31395832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318674","display_name":"Testbed","level":2,"score":0.2603999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62354387","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875399","display_name":"Boundary (topology)","level":2,"score":0.2596000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48903430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q491370","display_name":"Graph partition","level":3,"score":0.25519999861717224}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3798103","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3798103","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S105046310","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems","issn_l":"1084-4309","issn":["1084-4309","1557-7309"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3798103","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3798103","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S105046310","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems","issn_l":"1084-4309","issn":["1084-4309","1557-7309"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1975522360","https://openalex.org/W1976432889","https://openalex.org/W1985292881","https://openalex.org/W2003799216","https://openalex.org/W2031974129","https://openalex.org/W2100502052","https://openalex.org/W2107966189","https://openalex.org/W2108873814","https://openalex.org/W2109753853","https://openalex.org/W2117278010","https://openalex.org/W2117793659","https://openalex.org/W2121244114","https://openalex.org/W2125831674","https://openalex.org/W2132693178","https://openalex.org/W2149662928","https://openalex.org/W2162683631","https://openalex.org/W2166742885","https://openalex.org/W2809031621","https://openalex.org/W2884307971","https://openalex.org/W2946332877","https://openalex.org/W2964128282","https://openalex.org/W2974218441","https://openalex.org/W3036696276","https://openalex.org/W3110928049","https://openalex.org/W3113090643","https://openalex.org/W3137672172","https://openalex.org/W4234223235","https://openalex.org/W4235360050","https://openalex.org/W4242440486","https://openalex.org/W4252769808","https://openalex.org/W4280492458","https://openalex.org/W4292092927","https://openalex.org/W4293023524","https://openalex.org/W4293024026","https://openalex.org/W4379115922","https://openalex.org/W4392607893","https://openalex.org/W4398170310"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Timing-driven":[0],"placement":[1,37,41,146],"is":[2,90,136],"very":[3],"important":[4],"to":[5,39,67,93,103,116,121,139,176],"achieve":[6],"timing":[7,44,86,109,129,152],"closure":[8],"especially":[9],"as":[10,72],"designs":[11],"become":[12],"increasingly":[13],"complex.":[14],"This":[15,76],"article":[16],"presents":[17],"a":[18,26,35,78,95],"novel":[19],"Timing-Driven":[20],"Placement":[21],"(TDP)":[22],"framework":[23],"that":[24,161],"integrates":[25],"graph":[27,80],"convolutional":[28],"network":[29],"(GCN),":[30],"Dirichlet":[31,62],"boundary":[32,63],"conditions,":[33],"and":[34,74,97,169],"nonlinear":[36],"engine":[38],"optimize":[40],"quality":[42],"with":[43,81],"awareness":[45],"throughout":[46],"the":[47,145,177],"flow.":[48],"The":[49],"proposed":[50],"methodology":[51],"begins":[52],"by":[53,173],"clustering":[54],"components":[55,70,149],"based":[56],"on":[57,156],"their":[58],"interconnection":[59,142],"topology,":[60],"while":[61],"conditions":[64],"are":[65,113],"applied":[66],"handle":[68],"fixed":[69],"such":[71],"IOs":[73],"macros.":[75],"yields":[77],"reduced":[79],"minimized":[82],"inter-cluster":[83],"connectivity,":[84],"simplifying":[85],"optimization.":[87],"A":[88],"GCN":[89],"then":[91,137],"trained":[92],"learn":[94],"generalized":[96],"optimized":[98],"mapping":[99],"from":[100],"circuit":[101],"connectivity":[102],"physical":[104],"wirelength.":[105],"To":[106],"improve":[107,165],"early-stage":[108],"estimation,":[110],"virtual":[111],"buffers":[112],"inserted":[114],"prior":[115],"Static":[117],"Timing":[118],"Analysis":[119],"(STA)":[120],"eliminate":[122],"maximum":[123],"capacitance":[124],"violations.":[125],"With":[126],"this":[127],"improved":[128,151],"fidelity,":[130],"STA":[131],"provides":[132],"pin-level":[133],"slack,":[134],"which":[135],"used":[138],"dynamically":[140],"adjust":[141],"weights,":[143],"guiding":[144],"of":[147],"timing-critical":[148],"toward":[150],"closure.":[153],"Experimental":[154],"results":[155],"ICCAD2015":[157],"contest":[158],"benchmarks":[159],"demonstrate":[160],"our":[162],"algorithm":[163],"can":[164],"worse":[166],"negative":[167,171],"slack":[168,172],"total":[170],"6%":[174],"compared":[175],"state-of-the-art":[178],"method.":[179]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2026-02-27T00:00:00"}
