{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7165122931","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3797248.3815400","title":"CarbonSim: A Lifecycle-Aware Framework for Evaluating Carbon Tradeoffs in Hardware Upgrade Decisions","display_name":"CarbonSim: A Lifecycle-Aware Framework for Evaluating Carbon Tradeoffs in Hardware Upgrade Decisions","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7165122931","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3797248.3815400"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3797248.3815400","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3797248.3815400","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 16th ACM International Green and Sustainable Computing Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3797248.3815400","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049444224","display_name":"Kartik Hans","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kartik Hans","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4246-1626","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114328819","display_name":"Kaiwen Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6175-9205"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaiwen Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6175-9205","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100650753","display_name":"Stephen Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9022-4259"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170201317","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephen Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9022-4259","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170201317"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73952248,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"8","last_page":"13"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11005","display_name":"Radiation Effects in Electronics","score":0.09809999912977219,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11005","display_name":"Radiation Effects in Electronics","score":0.09809999912977219,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12238","display_name":"Green IT and Sustainability","score":0.07859999686479568,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11181","display_name":"Advanced Data Storage Technologies","score":0.05689999833703041,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/upgrade","display_name":"Upgrade","score":0.5767999887466431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.33640000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.3215999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carbon-fibers","display_name":"Carbon fibers","score":0.28790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work","display_name":"Work (physics)","score":0.2535000145435333}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780615140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q920419","display_name":"Upgrade","level":2,"score":0.5767999887466431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.536300003528595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.42260000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.33640000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3239000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.3215999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.30489999055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.30079999566078186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140205800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5860","display_name":"Carbon fibers","level":3,"score":0.28790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.26579999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2535000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.25}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3797248.3815400","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3797248.3815400","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 16th ACM International Green and Sustainable Computing Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3797248.3815400","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3797248.3815400","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 16th ACM International Green and Sustainable Computing Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2920910194","display_name":"DESC: Type I: Data-driven system-design for sustainable long-lasting distributed infrastructures","funder_award_id":"2324873","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G538713410","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DECR0000041","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310514","funder_display_name":"Department of Energy and Climate Change"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310514","display_name":"Department of Energy and Climate Change","ror":"https://ror.org/019ya6433"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2005466811","https://openalex.org/W2045287414","https://openalex.org/W2075863084","https://openalex.org/W2789871570","https://openalex.org/W3126480486","https://openalex.org/W3157218387","https://openalex.org/W3175111539","https://openalex.org/W3209819948","https://openalex.org/W4281971810","https://openalex.org/W4318540568","https://openalex.org/W4318541641","https://openalex.org/W4318541689","https://openalex.org/W4324143899","https://openalex.org/W4385481798","https://openalex.org/W4387739413","https://openalex.org/W4401211558","https://openalex.org/W4402967867","https://openalex.org/W4403716332","https://openalex.org/W4409537524"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"the":[1,12,39,142],"demand":[2],"for":[3,60],"information":[4],"and":[5,30,81,104,167],"communication":[6],"technologies":[7],"(ICT)":[8],"continues":[9],"to":[10,86],"rise,":[11],"environmental":[13],"impact":[14],"of":[15,42,145],"computing":[16],"systems":[17],"is":[18],"becoming":[19],"an":[20],"increasingly":[21],"critical":[22],"concern.":[23],"Although":[24],"newer":[25,125],"hardware":[26,65,112,147,160],"often":[27],"improves":[28],"performance":[29],"energy":[31],"efficiency,":[32],"these":[33],"gains":[34],"do":[35,127],"not":[36,128],"always":[37,129],"offset":[38],"carbon":[40,62,77,84,151],"cost":[41],"premature":[43],"replacement,":[44],"particularly":[45],"under":[46,90,110,133],"low-utilization":[47],"workloads":[48,136],"or":[49,137],"low-carbon":[50],"electricity":[51,139],"grids.":[52],"We":[53],"present":[54],"CarbonSim,":[55],"a":[56],"lifecycle-aware":[57],"simulation":[58],"framework":[59,95],"evaluating":[61],"tradeoffs":[63],"in":[64],"upgrade":[66],"decisions.":[67],"CarbonSim":[68],"combines":[69],"workload":[70],"execution":[71],"profiles,":[72],"machine-level":[73],"power":[74],"characteristics,":[75],"embodied":[76],"inventories,":[78],"scheduling":[79],"policies,":[80],"time-varying":[82],"grid":[83],"intensity":[85],"estimate":[87],"total":[88,131],"emissions":[89],"alternative":[91],"deployment":[92],"scenarios.":[93],"The":[94],"supports":[96],"multiple":[97],"embodied-carbon":[98],"accounting":[99],"strategies,":[100],"including":[101],"uniform":[102],"amortization":[103],"front-loaded":[105],"lifecycle":[106,150],"attribution,":[107],"enabling":[108],"analysis":[109],"different":[111],"lifespan":[113],"assumptions.":[114],"Using":[115],"heterogeneous":[116],"CPU":[117],"generations":[118],"as":[119],"calibration":[120],"platforms,":[121],"we":[122],"demonstrate":[123],"that":[124,159],"machines":[126],"minimize":[130],"emissions:":[132],"lightly":[134],"loaded":[135],"cleaner":[138],"mixes,":[140],"extending":[141],"useful":[143],"life":[144],"existing":[146],"can":[148],"reduce":[149],"despite":[152],"lower":[153],"operational":[154],"efficiency.":[155],"These":[156],"results":[157],"highlight":[158],"refresh":[161],"decisions":[162],"should":[163],"be":[164],"workload-aware,":[165],"location-aware,":[166],"lifecycle-aware.":[168]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-20T20:08:15.867695","created_date":"2026-06-19T00:00:00"}
