{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7162756412","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3797246.3806799","title":"Perceiving AI in Motion: A Mixed-Method Eye-Tracking Study of Social Diversity in AI-Based Mobility Systems","display_name":"Perceiving AI in Motion: A Mixed-Method Eye-Tracking Study of Social Diversity in AI-Based Mobility Systems","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7162756412","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3797246.3806799"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3797246.3806799","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3797246.3806799","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2026 Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3797246.3806799","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029453834","display_name":"Mergime Ibrahimi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3524-2128"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111112146","display_name":"Tallinn University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0443cwa12","country_code":"EE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]}],"countries":["EE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mergime Ibrahimi","raw_affiliation_strings":["DataLab, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia","Ragnar Nurkse Department of Innovation and eGovernance, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3524-2128","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DataLab, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ragnar Nurkse Department of Innovation and eGovernance, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5029453834"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.60503992,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"3"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.5443000197410583,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.5443000197410583,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.13760000467300415,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10709","display_name":"Social Robot Interaction and HRI","score":0.03629999980330467,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perception","display_name":"Perception","score":0.7190999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diversity","display_name":"Diversity (politics)","score":0.5809999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empirical-research","display_name":"Empirical research","score":0.4018000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/survey-data-collection","display_name":"Survey data collection","score":0.39340001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inclusion","display_name":"Inclusion (mineral)","score":0.3928000032901764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.3824999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-justice","display_name":"Economic Justice","score":0.3458000123500824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-perception","display_name":"Social perception","score":0.3366999924182892}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.7190999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5849000215530396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781316041","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230584","display_name":"Diversity (politics)","level":2,"score":0.5809999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.5},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.4163999855518341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.4018000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198477413","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7647069","display_name":"Survey data collection","level":2,"score":0.39340001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109359841","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q728944","display_name":"Inclusion (mineral)","level":2,"score":0.3928000032901764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.38429999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.3824999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.36730000376701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139621336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3190382","display_name":"Economic Justice","level":2,"score":0.3458000123500824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129484327","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177603","display_name":"Social perception","level":3,"score":0.3366999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25343380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q277521","display_name":"Relation (database)","level":2,"score":0.31520000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.31060001254081726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778334786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1586270","display_name":"Variation (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.301800012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178253425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162668","display_name":"Visual perception","level":3,"score":0.2802000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86658582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1432778","display_name":"Social cognition","level":3,"score":0.2800999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133462117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4929239","display_name":"Data collection","level":2,"score":0.27059999108314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125209646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1338878","display_name":"Cultural diversity","level":2,"score":0.26080000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170494330","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1778434","display_name":"Cognitive map","level":3,"score":0.2554999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130064352","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853725","display_name":"Social relation","level":2,"score":0.25369998812675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017944768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1450463","display_name":"Poison control","level":2,"score":0.25049999356269836}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3797246.3806799","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3797246.3806799","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2026 Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3797246.3806799","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3797246.3806799","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2026 Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.8165503740310669,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2505701133","https://openalex.org/W2905002872","https://openalex.org/W2989642546","https://openalex.org/W3109469441","https://openalex.org/W3125158894","https://openalex.org/W3146413966","https://openalex.org/W3196794903","https://openalex.org/W4365388135","https://openalex.org/W4378574199","https://openalex.org/W4388637835","https://openalex.org/W4416286866","https://openalex.org/W4417494106","https://openalex.org/W7135044398"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"AI-based":[0,72],"mobility":[1,73,104],"systems,":[2,43],"such":[3],"as":[4],"autonomous":[5],"vehicles,":[6],"increasingly":[7],"shape":[8,220],"how":[9,36,216],"individuals":[10],"move,":[11],"interact,":[12],"and":[13,27,39,113,167,184,226,235,248],"are":[14,178],"represented":[15],"within":[16,201],"data-driven":[17],"environments.":[18],"While":[19],"prior":[20],"research":[21,51],"has":[22],"focused":[23],"on":[24,79],"technical":[25],"performance":[26],"ethical":[28],"modeling,":[29],"there":[30],"is":[31,77],"limited":[32],"empirical":[33],"understanding":[34],"of":[35,66,165,176,195,222],"people":[37,67,156],"perceive":[38],"cognitively":[40],"process":[41],"these":[42],"particularly":[44],"in":[45,71,110,146],"relation":[46],"to":[47,62,103,155,198,214],"social":[48,69,150,249],"diversity.":[49],"This":[50],"addresses":[52],"this":[53],"gap":[54,161],"by":[55,94],"combining":[56,230],"large-scale":[57,120],"eye-tracking":[58,82,97,122],"with":[59,128,152,157,182,188],"survey":[60],"data":[61,135,218,245],"examine":[63],"the":[64,138,141,196,202,206,238],"perception":[65],"towards":[68],"diversity":[70],"scenarios.":[74],"The":[75,116,192],"study":[76],"based":[78],"a":[80,95,160,241],"webcam-based":[81],"experiment":[83],"conducted":[84,200],"across":[85],"26":[86],"cities":[87],"(N":[88],"=":[89],"1,276;":[90],"\u223c4,000":[91],"variables),":[92],"complemented":[93],"laboratory":[96,129],"validation":[98],"study.":[99],"Participants":[100],"were":[101],"exposed":[102],"scenarios":[105],"involving":[106],"diverse":[107,134],"road":[108],"users":[109],"both":[111],"AI-driven":[112],"human-driven":[114],"conditions.":[115],"results":[117],"show":[118],"that":[119,174],"online":[121],"produces":[123],"reliable":[124],"attention":[125,148,154,190],"patterns":[126],"consistent":[127],"findings,":[130],"while":[131],"enabling":[132],"geographically":[133],"collection.":[136],"At":[137],"same":[139],"time,":[140],"findings":[142],"reveal":[143],"systematic":[144],"differences":[145],"visual":[147,189],"toward":[149],"groups,":[151],"reduced":[153],"disabilities,":[158],"alongside":[159],"between":[162],"stated":[163],"values":[164],"inclusion":[166],"actual":[168],"perceptual":[169],"patterns.":[170],"Further":[171],"analysis":[172],"shows":[173],"perceptions":[175,221],"justice":[177],"more":[179],"strongly":[180],"associated":[181],"trust":[183],"perceived":[185],"safety":[186],"than":[187],"alone.":[191],"next":[193],"phase":[194],"research,":[197],"be":[199],"DATA-MIGRATION":[203],"project,":[204],"extends":[205],"method":[207],"I":[208],"built":[209],"during":[210],"my":[211],"PhD":[212],"studies":[213],"investigate":[215],"cross-border":[217],"flows":[219],"AI,":[223],"societal":[224],"values,":[225],"emerging":[227],"inequalities.":[228],"By":[229],"cognitive":[231],"interviews,":[232],"cross-country":[233],"experiments,":[234],"computational":[236],"analysis,":[237],"project":[239],"advances":[240],"novel":[242],"framework":[243],"linking":[244],"movement,":[246],"perception,":[247],"transformation.":[250]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2026-05-30T00:00:00"}
