{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7162771187","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3797246.3806659","title":"From ITS to EyeTS: Utilizing Eye Tracking for Context and Proactivity in Intelligent Tutoring Systems","display_name":"From ITS to EyeTS: Utilizing Eye Tracking for Context and Proactivity in Intelligent Tutoring Systems","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7162771187","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3797246.3806659"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3797246.3806659","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3797246.3806659","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2026 Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3797246.3806659","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137375655","display_name":"Moritz Mueller","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2252-7979"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142270456","display_name":"Technische Hochschule Augsburg","ror":"https://ror.org/016604a03","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142270456"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Moritz Mueller","raw_affiliation_strings":["Didactics Media Center, Technical University of Applied Sciences, Augsburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2252-7979","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Didactics Media Center, Technical University of Applied Sciences, Augsburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142270456"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5137375655"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142270456"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.59583466,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"3"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.701200008392334,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.701200008392334,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10636","display_name":"Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods","score":0.09130000323057175,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.02710000053048134,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-tracking","display_name":"Eye tracking","score":0.7181000113487244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaze","display_name":"Gaze","score":0.6782000064849854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proactivity","display_name":"Proactivity","score":0.6571000218391418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5730000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.4629000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fixation","display_name":"Fixation (population genetics)","score":0.4300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intelligent-tutoring-system","display_name":"Intelligent tutoring system","score":0.3707999885082245}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7195000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.7181000113487244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779916870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14467155","display_name":"Gaze","level":2,"score":0.6782000064849854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142944206","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1786137","display_name":"Proactivity","level":2,"score":0.6571000218391418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.6323000192642212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5730000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.4629000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146249460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2914991","display_name":"Fixation (population genetics)","level":3,"score":0.4300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4146000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779336797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3055492","display_name":"Intelligent tutoring system","level":2,"score":0.3707999885082245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.3093999922275543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153050134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q760256","display_name":"Eye movement","level":2,"score":0.3075999915599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.29670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9114305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1428317","display_name":"Situational ethics","level":2,"score":0.29280000925064087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.27570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777394604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173318","display_name":"Pupil","level":2,"score":0.258899986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.2581999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.251800000667572}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3797246.3806659","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3797246.3806659","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2026 Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3797246.3806659","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3797246.3806659","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2026 Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8280631899833679,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2010318514","https://openalex.org/W2172010324","https://openalex.org/W2560140854","https://openalex.org/W2591538356","https://openalex.org/W2604398661","https://openalex.org/W4312938739","https://openalex.org/W4379434830","https://openalex.org/W4386719008","https://openalex.org/W4394745423","https://openalex.org/W4396833177","https://openalex.org/W4399209650","https://openalex.org/W4403334715","https://openalex.org/W4404313198","https://openalex.org/W4407950640","https://openalex.org/W4409749327","https://openalex.org/W4410191095","https://openalex.org/W4412703980","https://openalex.org/W4413105373","https://openalex.org/W6927731302"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Large":[0],"language":[1],"model":[2],"(LLM)-based":[3],"intelligent":[4,172],"tutoring":[5,165],"systems":[6],"(ITS)":[7],"in":[8],"programming":[9],"education":[10],"are":[11,109,120],"predominantly":[12],"reactive,":[13],"providing":[14],"feedback":[15,96,150],"only":[16],"upon":[17],"explicit":[18],"request":[19],"and":[20,65,79,84,98,131,151],"typically":[21],"lacking":[22],"access":[23],"to":[24,38,43,62,104,123,132],"learners\u2019":[25],"code":[26,85,117],"revision":[27,86],"histories":[28,158],"or":[29,45],"intermediate":[30],"development":[31],"states.":[32],"However,":[33],"novice":[34],"learners":[35,127],"often":[36],"struggle":[37],"articulate":[39],"their":[40],"difficulties,":[41],"leading":[42],"delayed":[44],"ineffective":[46],"support.":[47],"This":[48,139],"doctoral":[49],"project":[50],"investigates":[51,141],"how":[52,152],"eye":[53],"tracking":[54],"can":[55,155],"be":[56],"used":[57,121],"as":[58,74,159],"a":[59],"passive":[60],"signal":[61,162],"enable":[63],"proactive":[64],"context-aware":[66],"feedback.":[67,138],"The":[68],"proposed":[69],"approach":[70],"combines":[71],"gaze":[72,153],"features\u2014such":[73],"fixation":[75],"duration,":[76],"blink":[77],"rate,":[78],"pupil":[80],"dilation\u2014with":[81],"interaction":[82,157],"logs":[83],"histories.":[87],"These":[88],"multimodal":[89],"signals":[90],"serve":[91],"two":[92],"purposes:":[93],"predicting":[94],"ideal":[95],"timing":[97],"enriching":[99],"the":[100,146],"contextual":[101],"input":[102],"available":[103],"LLM-based":[105],"tutors.":[106],"Gaze":[107],"data":[108,154],"aggregated":[110],"into":[111],"attention":[112],"maps":[113],"over":[114],"repeatedly":[115],"fixated":[116],"regions,":[118],"which":[119],"both":[122],"predict":[124],"moments":[125],"when":[126],"may":[128],"require":[129],"support":[130],"provide":[133],"gaze-informed":[134,143,171],"context":[135,144],"for":[136,163,170],"LLM-generated":[137,149],"work":[140],"whether":[142],"improves":[145],"specificity":[147],"of":[148],"complement":[156],"an":[160],"additional":[161],"adaptive":[164],"systems,":[166],"contributing":[167],"methodological":[168],"insights":[169],"learning":[173],"environments.":[174]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2026-05-30T00:00:00"}
