{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7162790922","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3797246.3806216","title":"A Low-Power Distance-Based Approach to Gaze Classification in Pervasive Smart-Eyewear Eye Tracking","display_name":"A Low-Power Distance-Based Approach to Gaze Classification in Pervasive Smart-Eyewear Eye Tracking","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7162790922","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3797246.3806216"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3797246.3806216","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3797246.3806216","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2026 Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3797246.3806216","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093279848","display_name":"Carlo Pezzoli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0464-7403"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carlo Pezzoli","raw_affiliation_strings":["DEIB, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0464-7403","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DEIB, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137374441","display_name":"Flavia Nicotri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8535-1595"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Flavia Nicotri","raw_affiliation_strings":["DEIB, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8535-1595","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DEIB, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066634453","display_name":"Marco Paracchini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4040-5742"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marco Brando Mario Paracchini","raw_affiliation_strings":["DEIB, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4040-5742","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DEIB, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5117665580","display_name":"Luca Francesco Raduzzi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luca Francesco Raduzzi","raw_affiliation_strings":["DEIB, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6301-124X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DEIB, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086190246","display_name":"Dani\u00e8le Bani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6302-901X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151082","display_name":"Luxottica (Italy)","ror":"https://ror.org/04vjzg452","country_code":"IT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210151082"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniele Bani","raw_affiliation_strings":["EssilorLuxottica Smart Eyewear Lab, EssilorLuxottica, Milano, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5347-3703","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"EssilorLuxottica Smart Eyewear Lab, EssilorLuxottica, Milano, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210151082"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017614139","display_name":"Giulio Marano","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151082","display_name":"Luxottica (Italy)","ror":"https://ror.org/04vjzg452","country_code":"IT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210151082"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giulio Marano","raw_affiliation_strings":["EssilorLuxottica Smart Eyewear Lab, EssilorLuxottica, Milano, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2289-5885","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"EssilorLuxottica Smart Eyewear Lab, EssilorLuxottica, Milano, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210151082"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137352889","display_name":"Luca Merigo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5954-426X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151082","display_name":"Luxottica (Italy)","ror":"https://ror.org/04vjzg452","country_code":"IT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210151082"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luca Merigo","raw_affiliation_strings":["EssilorLuxottica Smart Eyewear Lab, EssilorLuxottica, Milan, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5954-426X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"EssilorLuxottica Smart Eyewear Lab, EssilorLuxottica, Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210151082"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002213720","display_name":"Marco Marcon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6557-2120"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marco Marcon","raw_affiliation_strings":["DEIB, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6557-2120","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DEIB, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.60019222,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"7"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11398","display_name":"Hand Gesture Recognition Systems","score":0.000699999975040555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10542","display_name":"Vestibular and auditory disorders","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-tracking","display_name":"Eye tracking","score":0.6175000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaze","display_name":"Gaze","score":0.46470001339912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.2978000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-movement","display_name":"Eye movement","score":0.27959999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.25839999318122864}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6186000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.6175000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.613099992275238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5924000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779916870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14467155","display_name":"Gaze","level":2,"score":0.46470001339912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.2978000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153050134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q760256","display_name":"Eye movement","level":2,"score":0.27959999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.25839999318122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778949103","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q600717","display_name":"Staring","level":2,"score":0.24469999969005585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154586513","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4420972","display_name":"Tracking system","level":3,"score":0.23639999330043793}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3797246.3806216","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3797246.3806216","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2026 Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:re.public.polimi.it:11311/1317425","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11311/1317425","pdf_url":"https://re.public.polimi.it/bitstream/11311/1317425/1/3797246.3806216.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400312","display_name":"Virtual Community of Pathological Anatomy (University of Castilla La Mancha)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79189158","host_organization_name":"University of Castilla-La Mancha","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79189158"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3797246.3806216","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3797246.3806216","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2026 Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W25420487","https://openalex.org/W1972287395","https://openalex.org/W1986386801","https://openalex.org/W1999140319","https://openalex.org/W2001648761","https://openalex.org/W2027879843","https://openalex.org/W2056379323","https://openalex.org/W2058243341","https://openalex.org/W2100675880","https://openalex.org/W2935406804","https://openalex.org/W2963837533","https://openalex.org/W3146688393","https://openalex.org/W4296456072","https://openalex.org/W4303101870","https://openalex.org/W4377996726","https://openalex.org/W4410701781","https://openalex.org/W4410701793","https://openalex.org/W7140885984"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"work":[1],"presents":[2],"a":[3,34,65,82],"low-power":[4],"embedded":[5,138],"eye-tracking":[6],"system":[7],"based":[8],"on":[9,81,134],"Photosensor":[10],"Oculography":[11],"(PSOG)":[12],"and":[13,31,37,58,137],"evaluates":[14],"lightweight":[15],"calibration-driven":[16],"distance-based":[17],"classifiers":[18],"for":[19],"discrete":[20],"gaze-zone":[21],"estimation":[22],"in":[23],"smart":[24,139],"eyewear.The":[25],"proposed":[26],"prototype":[27],"integrates":[28],"infrared":[29],"LEDs":[30],"photodiodes":[32],"within":[33],"commercial":[35],"frame":[36],"uses":[38],"sequential":[39],"illumination":[40,90],"to":[41],"generate":[42],"32-dimensional":[43],"feature":[44,118],"vectors":[45],"at":[46,127],"1":[47],"kHz":[48],"with":[49,68,121],"minimal":[50],"computational":[51,130],"cost.Distancebased":[52],"classifiers,":[53],"including":[54],"Euclidean,":[55,57],"standardized":[56],"Mahalanobis":[59,95],"metrics,":[60],"were":[61,77],"first":[62],"evaluated":[63,80],"using":[64],"humanoid":[66],"robot":[67],"human-like":[69],"ocular":[70],"geometry":[71],"under":[72,88,106],"controlled":[73],"conditions.The":[74],"selected":[75],"methods":[76],"then":[78],"extensively":[79],"human":[83],"dataset":[84],"comprising":[85],"29":[86],"subjects":[87],"varying":[89],"conditions.Results":[91],"show":[92],"that":[93],"the":[94,98,112],"distance":[96,123],"achieves":[97],"highest":[99],"accuracy,":[100],"while":[101,116],"dimensionality":[102],"reduction":[103,119],"improves":[104],"robustness":[105],"changing":[107],"lighting.A":[108],"PCA-Mahalanobis":[109],"configuration":[110],"provided":[111],"best":[113],"accuracy-complexity":[114],"trade-off,":[115],"stronger":[117],"combined":[120],"Euclidean":[122],"enabled":[124],"competitive":[125],"performance":[126],"very":[128],"low":[129],"cost,":[131],"supporting":[132],"deployment":[133],"both":[135],"high-performance":[136],"eyewear":[140],"platforms.":[141]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2026-05-30T00:00:00"}