{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7162809545","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3797246.3805483","title":"Unsupervised Profiling of L2 Reading from Eye Tracking Data in the MECO-L2 Dataset.","display_name":"Unsupervised Profiling of L2 Reading from Eye Tracking Data in the MECO-L2 Dataset.","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7162809545","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3797246.3805483"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3797246.3805483","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3797246.3805483","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2026 Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3797246.3805483","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137353706","display_name":"Md Sabbir Hossain","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7385-1102"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96673099","display_name":"Technical University of Denmark","ror":"https://ror.org/04qtj9h94","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Md Sabbir Hossain","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science (DTU Compute), Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Kgs. Lyngby, Copenhagen, Denmark"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7385-1102","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science (DTU Compute), Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Kgs. Lyngby, Copenhagen, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066480560","display_name":"Ashkan Tashk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5220-3609"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96673099","display_name":"Technical University of Denmark","ror":"https://ror.org/04qtj9h94","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ashkan Tashk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Section for Cognitive Systems, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Copenhagen, Denmark"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5220-3609","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Section for Cognitive Systems, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Copenhagen, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026967478","display_name":"Chaudhary Muhammad Aqdus Ilyas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0766-3531"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96673099","display_name":"Technical University of Denmark","ror":"https://ror.org/04qtj9h94","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chaudhary Muhammad Aqdus Ilyas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Section for Cognitive Systems, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Copenhagen, Denmark"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0766-3531","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Section for Cognitive Systems, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Copenhagen, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137335116","display_name":"Farhana Kabir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3215-8608"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96673099","display_name":"Technical University of Denmark","ror":"https://ror.org/04qtj9h94","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Farhana Kabir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science (DTU Compute), Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Copenhagen, Denmark"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3215-8608","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science (DTU Compute), Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Copenhagen, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034622634","display_name":"Per B\u00e6kgaard","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6720-1128"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96673099","display_name":"Technical University of Denmark","ror":"https://ror.org/04qtj9h94","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Per B\u00e6kgaard","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Section for Cognitive Systems, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Copenhagen, Denmark"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6720-1128","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Section for Cognitive Systems, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Copenhagen, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78342439,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"7"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13629","display_name":"Text Readability and Simplification","score":0.26460000872612,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13629","display_name":"Text Readability and Simplification","score":0.26460000872612,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.22750000655651093,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11587","display_name":"Second Language Acquisition and Learning","score":0.17229999601840973,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/profiling","display_name":"Profiling (computer programming)","score":0.605400025844574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-tracking","display_name":"Eye tracking","score":0.5638999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.5049999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.48069998621940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reading","display_name":"Reading (process)","score":0.4250999987125397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reading-comprehension","display_name":"Reading comprehension","score":0.4027999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-movement","display_name":"Eye movement","score":0.3921000063419342}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7674999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6353999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187191949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1138496","display_name":"Profiling (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.605400025844574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.5638999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.5049999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.48069998621940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.46720001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.4250999987125397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778780117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3269423","display_name":"Reading comprehension","level":3,"score":0.4027999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153050134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q760256","display_name":"Eye movement","level":2,"score":0.3921000063419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150856459","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8034367","display_name":"Word recognition","level":3,"score":0.3181999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83546350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1139051","display_name":"Regression","level":2,"score":0.3160000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188087704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q369577","display_name":"Standardization","level":2,"score":0.29899999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152877465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208042","display_name":"Regression analysis","level":2,"score":0.2962000072002411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.2784999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2784999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84525736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831366","display_name":"Decision tree","level":2,"score":0.27649998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8038995","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1152135","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","level":2,"score":0.26930001378059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C511192102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156948","display_name":"Comprehension","level":2,"score":0.25589999556541443}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3797246.3805483","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3797246.3805483","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2026 Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3797246.3805483","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3797246.3805483","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2026 Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8981568217277527,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1974841121","https://openalex.org/W1987971958","https://openalex.org/W1999364590","https://openalex.org/W2011430131","https://openalex.org/W2011826874","https://openalex.org/W2013112874","https://openalex.org/W2039107287","https://openalex.org/W2050948888","https://openalex.org/W2051224630","https://openalex.org/W2072774363","https://openalex.org/W2085487226","https://openalex.org/W2150828982","https://openalex.org/W2153076044","https://openalex.org/W2156964236","https://openalex.org/W2219216336","https://openalex.org/W2270192120","https://openalex.org/W2281718070","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2617207308","https://openalex.org/W2810989163","https://openalex.org/W2914753438","https://openalex.org/W2962862931","https://openalex.org/W3021455495","https://openalex.org/W3033699338","https://openalex.org/W4210813972","https://openalex.org/W4220895812","https://openalex.org/W4230655986","https://openalex.org/W4309705183","https://openalex.org/W4362558058","https://openalex.org/W4362559910","https://openalex.org/W4382721464","https://openalex.org/W4384698359","https://openalex.org/W4401377263","https://openalex.org/W4412156013"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Eye":[0],"Tracking":[1],"during":[2],"reading":[3,48,73,85,123,130],"provides":[4],"information":[5],"about":[6],"how":[7,112],"readers":[8],"process":[9],"English":[10,13],"texts":[11],"when":[12],"is":[14,68],"their":[15],"second":[16],"language":[17],"(L2).":[18],"We":[19,110],"use":[20],"unsupervised":[21],"learning":[22],"to":[23,75,96,128],"derive":[24],"reader":[25],"profiles":[26],"from":[27,81],"eye":[28],"tracking":[29],"and":[30,56,71,108,124],"comprehension":[31,57],"data":[32],"in":[33,104,117,121],"MECO":[34],"L2":[35,122],"dataset.":[36],"For":[37],"each":[38],"participant,":[39],"we":[40],"compute":[41],"eight":[42],"features:":[43],"skipping,":[44],"regression":[45,106],"in,":[46],"refixation,":[47],"rate,":[49,107],"progressive":[50],"duration,":[51,53,55],"rereading":[52],"lookback":[54],"accuracy.":[58,109],"After":[59],"standardization":[60],"of":[61,79,84],"these":[62],"calculated":[63],"features,":[64],"a":[65,93],"k-means":[66],"clustering":[67],"deployed":[69],"with":[70],"without":[72],"rate":[74],"separate":[76],"the":[77,98],"influence":[78],"speed":[80],"other":[82],"aspects":[83],"behavior.":[86],"A":[87],"gradient-boosted":[88],"tree":[89],"model":[90],"serves":[91],"as":[92],"surrogate":[94],"classifier":[95],"interpret":[97],"resulting":[99],"three":[100],"profiles,":[101],"which":[102],"differ":[103],"speed,":[105],"discuss":[111],"this":[113],"profiling":[114],"pipeline":[115],"assists":[116],"studying":[118],"individual":[119],"differences":[120],"relates":[125],"cluster-level":[126],"patterns":[127],"existing":[129],"style":[131],"typologies.":[132]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2026-05-30T00:00:00"}
