{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7162751370","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3797246.3803044","title":"Spontaneous Blink Features Extracted from Video for Multi-Class Classification of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","display_name":"Spontaneous Blink Features Extracted from Video for Multi-Class Classification of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7162751370","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3797246.3803044"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3797246.3803044","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3797246.3803044","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2026 Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3797246.3803044","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093952795","display_name":"Sahar Hafsi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110736937","display_name":"D\u00e9l\u00e9gation Paris 5","ror":"https://ror.org/02e0y6e06","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110736937","https://openalex.org/I154526488"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204730241","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9","ror":"https://ror.org/05f82e368","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204730241"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205747304","display_name":"Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse","ror":"https://ror.org/033p9g875","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205747304"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sahar Hafsi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratoire d\u2019Informatique Paris Descartes (LIPADE), Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9 (UPC), Paris, France and Signals and Smart Systems Lab (L3S), Ecole Nationale d'Ing\u00e9nieurs de Tunis (ENIT), Tunis, Tunisia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3773-372X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratoire d\u2019Informatique Paris Descartes (LIPADE), Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9 (UPC), Paris, France and Signals and Smart Systems Lab (L3S), Ecole Nationale d'Ing\u00e9nieurs de Tunis (ENIT), Tunis, Tunisia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205747304","https://openalex.org/I204730241","https://openalex.org/I110736937"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072135714","display_name":"Linda Marrakchi\u2010Kacem","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106624","display_name":"\u00c9cole Nationale d'Ing\u00e9nieurs de Gab\u00e8s","ror":"https://ror.org/01fy5k372","country_code":"TN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106624"]}],"countries":["TN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Linda Marrakchi-Kacem","raw_affiliation_strings":["Signals & Smart Systems Lab (L3S), Ecole Nationale d'Ing\u00e9nieurs de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5217-0923","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Signals & Smart Systems Lab (L3S), Ecole Nationale d'Ing\u00e9nieurs de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106624"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071504991","display_name":"Sonia Djaziri-Larbi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3889-5981"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106624","display_name":"\u00c9cole Nationale d'Ing\u00e9nieurs de Gab\u00e8s","ror":"https://ror.org/01fy5k372","country_code":"TN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106624"]}],"countries":["TN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sonia Djaziri-Larbi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Signals & Smart Systems Lab (L3S), Ecole Nationale d'Ing\u00e9nieurs de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3889-5981","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Signals & Smart Systems Lab (L3S), Ecole Nationale d'Ing\u00e9nieurs de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106624"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074237754","display_name":"Farouk Mhamdi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106624","display_name":"\u00c9cole Nationale d'Ing\u00e9nieurs de Gab\u00e8s","ror":"https://ror.org/01fy5k372","country_code":"TN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106624"]}],"countries":["TN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Farouk Mhamdi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Signals & Smart Systems Lab (L3S), Ecole Nationale d'Ing\u00e9nieurs de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7152-0727","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Signals & Smart Systems Lab (L3S), Ecole Nationale d'Ing\u00e9nieurs de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106624"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012738086","display_name":"Ga\u00ebl Mah\u00e9","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3864-2266"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204730241","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9","ror":"https://ror.org/05f82e368","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204730241"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159731","display_name":"LIP6","ror":"https://ror.org/05krcen59","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I39804081","https://openalex.org/I4210159245","https://openalex.org/I4210159731"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4403386760","display_name":"Laboratoire Informatique Paris Descartes","ror":"https://ror.org/04s80ef73","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204730241","https://openalex.org/I4403386760"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ga\u00ebl Mah\u00e9","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratoire d\u2019Informatique Paris Descartes (LIPADE), Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, Paris, France"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3864-2266","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratoire d\u2019Informatique Paris Descartes (LIPADE), Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, Paris, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159731","https://openalex.org/I204730241","https://openalex.org/I4403386760"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037649169","display_name":"Nicolas Lom\u00e9nie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1467-3148"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204730241","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9","ror":"https://ror.org/05f82e368","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204730241"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159731","display_name":"LIP6","ror":"https://ror.org/05krcen59","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I39804081","https://openalex.org/I4210159245","https://openalex.org/I4210159731"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4403386760","display_name":"Laboratoire Informatique Paris Descartes","ror":"https://ror.org/04s80ef73","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204730241","https://openalex.org/I4403386760"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicolas Lom\u00e9nie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratoire d\u2019Informatique Paris Descartes (LIPADE), Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, Paris, France"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1467-3148","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratoire d\u2019Informatique Paris Descartes (LIPADE), Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, Paris, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159731","https://openalex.org/I204730241","https://openalex.org/I4403386760"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137393779","display_name":"Youssef Abida","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0761-5476"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166419","display_name":"H\u00f4pital Razi de La Manouba","ror":"https://ror.org/01j6t9363","country_code":"TN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166419"]}],"countries":["TN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Youssef Abida","raw_affiliation_strings":["LR18SP03, Department of Neurology, Razi University Hospital, Manouba, Tunisia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0761-5476","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LR18SP03, Department of Neurology, Razi University Hospital, Manouba, Tunisia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166419"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055698635","display_name":"Amal Atrous","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166419","display_name":"H\u00f4pital Razi de La Manouba","ror":"https://ror.org/01j6t9363","country_code":"TN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166419"]}],"countries":["TN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amal Atrous","raw_affiliation_strings":["LR18SP03, Department of Neurology, Razi University Hospital, Manouba, Tunisia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8236-2309","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LR18SP03, Department of Neurology, Razi University Hospital, Manouba, Tunisia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166419"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137353032","display_name":"Imen Kacem","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4522-1176"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166419","display_name":"H\u00f4pital Razi de La Manouba","ror":"https://ror.org/01j6t9363","country_code":"TN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166419"]}],"countries":["TN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Imen Kacem","raw_affiliation_strings":["LR18SP03, Department of Neurology, Razi University Hospital, Manouba, Tunisia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4522-1176","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LR18SP03, Department of Neurology, Razi University Hospital, Manouba, Tunisia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166419"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137342989","display_name":"Amina Gargouri Berrechid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9231-3615"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166419","display_name":"H\u00f4pital Razi de La Manouba","ror":"https://ror.org/01j6t9363","country_code":"TN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166419"]}],"countries":["TN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amina Gargouri Berrechid","raw_affiliation_strings":["LR18SP03, Department of Neurology, Razi University Hospital, Manouba, Tunisia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9231-3615","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LR18SP03, Department of Neurology, Razi University Hospital, Manouba, Tunisia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166419"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137357605","display_name":"Riadh Gouider","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9615-3797"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166419","display_name":"H\u00f4pital Razi de La Manouba","ror":"https://ror.org/01j6t9363","country_code":"TN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166419"]}],"countries":["TN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Riadh Gouider","raw_affiliation_strings":["LR18SP03, Department of Neurology, Razi University Hospital, Manouba, Tunisia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9615-3797","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LR18SP03, Department of Neurology, Razi University Hospital, Manouba, Tunisia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166419"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":11,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86707308,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"7"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10997","display_name":"Ocular Surface and Contact Lens","score":0.46939998865127563,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10997","display_name":"Ocular Surface and Contact Lens","score":0.46939998865127563,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10542","display_name":"Vestibular and auditory disorders","score":0.20059999823570251,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.13529999554157257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminative-model","display_name":"Discriminative model","score":0.7911999821662903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disease","display_name":"Disease","score":0.4634000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boosting","display_name":"Boosting (machine learning)","score":0.4334000051021576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3806000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.34150001406669617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrooculography","display_name":"Electrooculography","score":0.3215999901294708}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.7911999821662903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6444000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4659999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.4634000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46686674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466303","display_name":"Boosting (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.4334000051021576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.38100001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3806000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.34150001406669617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.33070001006126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778681526","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420647","display_name":"Electrooculography","level":3,"score":0.3215999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776148792","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3041498","display_name":"Eye disease","level":2,"score":0.30320000648498535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153050134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q760256","display_name":"Eye movement","level":2,"score":0.2989000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.29319998621940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.25529998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.25189998745918274}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3797246.3803044","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3797246.3803044","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2026 Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3797246.3803044","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3797246.3803044","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2026 Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8006048798561096,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1977450525","https://openalex.org/W1994911230","https://openalex.org/W2001565271","https://openalex.org/W2014572130","https://openalex.org/W2050806352","https://openalex.org/W2065005693","https://openalex.org/W2065429801","https://openalex.org/W2065875690","https://openalex.org/W2112168407","https://openalex.org/W2145954079","https://openalex.org/W2166516992","https://openalex.org/W2474900144","https://openalex.org/W2740657410","https://openalex.org/W2898750651","https://openalex.org/W2935406804","https://openalex.org/W2983781125","https://openalex.org/W3155660346","https://openalex.org/W3178251145","https://openalex.org/W4319601830","https://openalex.org/W4389273131","https://openalex.org/W4400001014","https://openalex.org/W4401793558","https://openalex.org/W4405580667","https://openalex.org/W4405615026","https://openalex.org/W4407413162","https://openalex.org/W4407929917","https://openalex.org/W4408952075","https://openalex.org/W4413300439"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Parkinson\u2019s":[0],"disease":[1,126],"(PD)":[2],"presents":[3],"both":[4,63,125],"motor":[5,20],"and":[6,25,67,79,128,141],"non-motor":[7],"impairments,":[8],"including":[9],"alterations":[10],"in":[11,62,86],"spontaneous":[12,45],"blinking":[13],"behavior.":[14],"Oculomotor":[15],"biomarkers,":[16],"often":[17],"preceding":[18],"major":[19],"symptoms,":[21],"offer":[22],"a":[23,50],"non-invasive":[24,135],"quantitative":[26],"approach":[27],"to":[28],"characterize":[29],"oculomotor":[30],"impairments.":[31],"In":[32],"this":[33],"paper,":[34],"we":[35],"propose":[36],"an":[37],"automated":[38],"framework":[39],"for":[40,137],"PD":[41,56,60,139],"classification":[42],"based":[43],"on":[44],"blink":[46,73],"recording.":[47],"We":[48,69],"introduce":[49],"novel":[51],"dataset":[52],"comprising":[53],"healthy":[54],"controls,":[55],"patients":[57,61],"without":[58],"medication,":[59],"medication":[64,129],"states":[65],"(PD_OFF":[66],"PD_ON).":[68],"extracted":[70],"blink-related":[71],"features\u2014":[72],"rate,":[74],"mean":[75],"inter-blink":[76],"interval":[77],"(IBI),":[78],"IBI":[80],"variability\u2014to":[81],"assess":[82],"their":[83,132],"discriminative":[84],"power":[85],"multi-class":[87],"classification.":[88],"Among":[89],"several":[90],"standard":[91],"machine":[92],"learning":[93],"algorithms,":[94],"gradient":[95],"boosting":[96],"achieved":[97],"the":[98],"highest":[99],"accuracy":[100],"(84.44%),":[101],"successfully":[102],"distinguishing":[103],"all":[104],"four":[105],"groups.":[106],"Other":[107],"models":[108],"(RF,":[109],"LGBM,":[110],"KNN)":[111],"also":[112],"demonstrated":[113],"robust":[114],"performance.":[115],"These":[116],"findings":[117],"indicate":[118],"that":[119],"blink-based":[120],"metrics":[121],"can":[122],"reliably":[123],"capture":[124],"presence":[127],"effects,":[130],"supporting":[131],"potential":[133],"as":[134],"biomarkers":[136],"monitoring":[138],"progression":[140],"treatment":[142],"response.":[143]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-05-30T00:00:00"}