{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7131359824","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3795881","title":"STQS: A Unified System Architecture for Spatial Temporal Quantum Sensing","display_name":"STQS: A Unified System Architecture for Spatial Temporal Quantum Sensing","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7131359824","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3795881"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3795881","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3795881","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170170","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Quantum Computing","issn_l":"2643-6809","issn":["2643-6809","2643-6817"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Quantum Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3795881","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116345538","display_name":"Anastashia Jebraeilli","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142606810","display_name":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/05h992307","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325736334","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I142606810","https://openalex.org/I39565521"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165733156","display_name":"University of Georgia","ror":"https://ror.org/00te3t702","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anastashia Jebraeilli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics, University of Georgia","Pacific Northwest National Laboratory"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8725-2088","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, University of Georgia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142606810"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126763164","display_name":"Chenxu Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142606810","display_name":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/05h992307","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325736334","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I142606810","https://openalex.org/I39565521"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenxu Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2616-3126","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142606810"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017267995","display_name":"Keyi Yin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7563-271X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keyi Yin","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California San Diego"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7563-271X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California San Diego","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126769884","display_name":"Samuel Stein","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142606810","display_name":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/05h992307","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325736334","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I142606810","https://openalex.org/I39565521"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samuel Stein","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2655-8251","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142606810"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081880422","display_name":"E. Lentz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7807-4825"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142606810","display_name":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/05h992307","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325736334","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I142606810","https://openalex.org/I39565521"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erik Lentz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7807-4825","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142606810"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124057457","display_name":"Yufei Ding","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yufei Ding","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California San Diego"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8716-5793","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California San Diego","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Ang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3734-9137"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142606810","display_name":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/05h992307","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325736334","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I142606810","https://openalex.org/I39565521"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pacific Northwest National Laboratory","University of Washington"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3734-9137","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142606810"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Washington","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.1870933,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"2","first_page":"1","last_page":"34"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.2199999988079071,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.2199999988079071,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.09049999713897705,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10622","display_name":"Quantum Mechanics and Applications","score":0.04320000112056732,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-sensor","display_name":"Quantum sensor","score":0.6516000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.5408999919891357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workflow","display_name":"Workflow","score":0.46970000863075256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measure","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","score":0.4530999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-key-distribution","display_name":"Quantum key distribution","score":0.42829999327659607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.41440001130104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-state","display_name":"Quantum state","score":0.4097999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.3831999897956848}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6664999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89143813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17105423","display_name":"Quantum sensor","level":5,"score":0.6516000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.5408999919891357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177212765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335","display_name":"Workflow","level":2,"score":0.46970000863075256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.4530999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95466800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1027298","display_name":"Quantum key distribution","level":3,"score":0.42829999327659607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.41440001130104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15706264","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q230883","display_name":"Quantum state","level":3,"score":0.4097999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.3831999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.34599998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778926657","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum system","level":3,"score":0.3391999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.3357999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.30959999561309814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22984246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7269058","display_name":"Quantum imaging","level":5,"score":0.3059999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.28790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.2847000062465668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144901912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q471906","display_name":"Quantum cryptography","level":4,"score":0.2842999994754791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111996192","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7269075","display_name":"Quantum noise","level":3,"score":0.2808000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72434380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q230930","display_name":"State space","level":2,"score":0.27959999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186468114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q836478","display_name":"Quantum network","level":4,"score":0.2775999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190463098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2081419","display_name":"Quantum technology","level":4,"score":0.27709999680519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.2745000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.26330000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187486625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122176","display_name":"Quantum channel","level":4,"score":0.26170000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.26109999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169699857","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122243","display_name":"Quantum information","level":3,"score":0.2578999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51003876","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1536431","display_name":"Quantum error correction","level":4,"score":0.25119999051094055}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/3795881","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3795881","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170170","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Quantum Computing","issn_l":"2643-6809","issn":["2643-6809","2643-6817"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Quantum Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/3795881","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/3795881","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210170170","display_name":"ACM Transactions on Quantum Computing","issn_l":"2643-6809","issn":["2643-6809","2643-6817"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ACM Transactions on Quantum Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":88,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W973526664","https://openalex.org/W1792516231","https://openalex.org/W1968850365","https://openalex.org/W1975677983","https://openalex.org/W1977248165","https://openalex.org/W1978552568","https://openalex.org/W1980473219","https://openalex.org/W1984125696","https://openalex.org/W1998742682","https://openalex.org/W2015811642","https://openalex.org/W2021738263","https://openalex.org/W2025363053","https://openalex.org/W2032736549","https://openalex.org/W2036614989","https://openalex.org/W2050006469","https://openalex.org/W2053915666","https://openalex.org/W2067511852","https://openalex.org/W2085101728","https://openalex.org/W2102849141","https://openalex.org/W2111396801","https://openalex.org/W2131245179","https://openalex.org/W2142305739","https://openalex.org/W2143836190","https://openalex.org/W2150159039","https://openalex.org/W2156438123","https://openalex.org/W2161229741","https://openalex.org/W2166436681","https://openalex.org/W2170858670","https://openalex.org/W2181284682","https://openalex.org/W2252795400","https://openalex.org/W2258198008","https://openalex.org/W2299422187","https://openalex.org/W2335841284","https://openalex.org/W2466716755","https://openalex.org/W2468792555","https://openalex.org/W2577840925","https://openalex.org/W2582955182","https://openalex.org/W2781738013","https://openalex.org/W2785271855","https://openalex.org/W2807782051","https://openalex.org/W2807966425","https://openalex.org/W2838090975","https://openalex.org/W2888977673","https://openalex.org/W2889436206","https://openalex.org/W2891997586","https://openalex.org/W2896794277","https://openalex.org/W2897264299","https://openalex.org/W2912359415","https://openalex.org/W2923370183","https://openalex.org/W2963069249","https://openalex.org/W2982169647","https://openalex.org/W3037089521","https://openalex.org/W3037447387","https://openalex.org/W3046691471","https://openalex.org/W3046827789","https://openalex.org/W3096052452","https://openalex.org/W3111250589","https://openalex.org/W3124629324","https://openalex.org/W3127929807","https://openalex.org/W3132743969","https://openalex.org/W3134840287","https://openalex.org/W3145544159","https://openalex.org/W3164415272","https://openalex.org/W3204491700","https://openalex.org/W3217096503","https://openalex.org/W4225262068","https://openalex.org/W4280530978","https://openalex.org/W4288079944","https://openalex.org/W4311473690","https://openalex.org/W4313260066","https://openalex.org/W4360980531","https://openalex.org/W4377824447","https://openalex.org/W4378465451","https://openalex.org/W4386608132","https://openalex.org/W4387266647","https://openalex.org/W4388097017","https://openalex.org/W4391755289","https://openalex.org/W4392012780","https://openalex.org/W4396625495","https://openalex.org/W4396719910","https://openalex.org/W4400415256","https://openalex.org/W4400487240","https://openalex.org/W4401316172","https://openalex.org/W4402761469","https://openalex.org/W4402984414","https://openalex.org/W4404040948","https://openalex.org/W4404517180","https://openalex.org/W4408695390"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,57,75,132,176],"present":[1,157,172],"STQS,":[2],"a":[3,28,52,59,72,112],"unified":[4,114],"system":[5],"architecture":[6],"for":[7,121],"spatiotemporal":[8],"quantum":[9,15,39,90,95,109,141,174],"sensing":[10,17,40,53,68,110,126],"that":[11,63,77],"interlaces":[12],"four":[13],"key":[14,168],"components:":[16],",":[18,20,22],"memory":[19],"communication":[21],"and":[23,42,70,128,143,163,182],"computation":[24],".":[25],"By":[26],"employing":[27],"comprehensive":[29],"gate-based":[30],"framework,":[31],"we":[32,156],"systemically":[33],"explore":[34],"the":[35,44,78,103,134,150,179],"design":[36],"space":[37],"of":[38,46,136,140,153],"schemes":[41],"probe":[43],"influence":[45],"noise":[47],"at":[48],"each":[49],"state":[50,123],"in":[51,186],"workflow":[54],"through":[55,138],"simulation.":[56],"introduce":[58],"novel":[60],"distance-based":[61],"metric":[62],"compares":[64],"reference":[65],"states":[66,69],"to":[67,107],"assigns":[71],"confidence":[73],"level.":[74],"anticipate":[76],"distance":[79],"measure":[80],"will":[81],"serve":[82],"as":[83],"an":[84],"intermediate":[85],"step":[86],"toward":[87],"more":[88],"advanced":[89],"signal":[91],"processing":[92],"techniques":[93],"like":[94],"machine":[96],"learning.":[97],"To":[98,148],"our":[99,154],"knowledge,":[100],"STQS":[101,117,137,169],"is":[102],"first":[104],"system-level":[105],"framework":[106],"integrate":[108],"within":[111],"coherent,":[113],"architectural":[115],"paradigm.":[116],"provides":[118],"seamless":[119],"avenues":[120],"unique":[122],"preparation,":[124],"multi-user":[125],"requests,":[127],"addressing":[129],"practical":[130],"implementations.":[131],"demonstrate":[133],"versatility":[135],"evaluations":[139],"radar":[142],"qubit-based":[144],"dark":[145],"matter":[146],"detection.":[147],"highlight":[149],"near-term":[151],"feasibility":[152],"approach,":[155],"results":[158],"obtained":[159],"from":[160],"IBM\u2019s":[161],"Marrakesh":[162],"IonQ\u2019s":[164],"Forte":[165],"devices,":[166],"validating":[167],"components":[170],"on":[171],"day":[173],"hardware.":[175],"have":[177],"made":[178],"simulation":[180],"code":[181],"experimental":[183],"data":[184],"used":[185],"this":[187],"work":[188],"publicly":[189],"available.":[190]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2026-02-25T00:00:00"}